Acetaldehyde Production in the Direct Ethanol Fuel Cell: Mechanistic Elucidation by Density Functional Theory

This study employs density functional theory (DFT) calculations to examine the mechanism by which acetaldehyde is formed on platinum in a typical direct ethanol fuel cell (DEFC). A pathway is found involving the formation of a strongly hydrogen-bonded complex between adsorbed ethanol and the surface hydroxyl (OH) species, followed by the facile alpha-dehydrogenation of ethanol, with spontaneous weakening of the hydrogen bond in favor of adsorbed acetaldehyde and water. This mechanism is found to be comparably viable on both the close-packed surface and the monatomic steps. Comparison of further reactions on these two sites strongly indicates that the steps act as net removers of acetaldehyde from the product stream, while the flat surface acts as a net producer.

Density Functional Theory Study on the Cleavage Mechanism of the Carbonyl Bond in Amides on Flat and Stepped Ru Surfaces: Hydrogen-Induced or Direct C-O Bond Breaking?

We have performed density functional theory (DFT) calculations to investigate the reaction mechanism of the cleavage of the carbonyl bond in amides on both flat and stepped Ru surfaces. The simplest amide molecule, N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMA), was used as the exemplar model molecule. Through the calculations, the most stable transition states (TSs) in all the pathways on both flat and stepped Ru surfaces are identified. Comparing the energy profiles of different reaction pathways, we find that a direct cleavage mechanism is always energetically favored as compared with an alternative hydrogen-induced mechanism on either the flat or stepped Ru surface. It is easier for the dissociation process to occur on the stepped surface than on the flat surface. However, as compared with the terrace, the superiority of step sites boosting the C-O bond dissociation is not as evident as that on CO dissociation.

Mechanistic Study of 1,3-Butadiene Formation in Acetylene Hydrogenation over the Pd-Based Catalysts Using Density Functional Calculations

Green oil, which leads to the deactivation of the catalysts used for the selective hydrogenation of acetylene, has long been observed but its formation mechanism is not fully understood. In this work, the formation of 1,3-butadiene, known to be the precursor of green oil, on both Pd(111) and Pd(211) surfaces is examined using density functional theory calculations. The pathways containing C-2 + C-2 coupling reactions as well as the corresponding hydrogenation reactions are studied in detail. Three pathways for 1,3-butadiene production, namely coupling plus hydrogenation and further hydrogenation, hydrogenation plus coupling plus hydrogenation, and a two step hydrogenation followed by coupling, are determined. By comparing the effective barriers, we identify the favored pathway on both surfaces. A general understanding toward the deactivation process of the industrial catalysts is also provided. In addition, the effects of the formation of subsurface carbon atoms as well as the Ag alloying on the 1,3-butadiene formation on Pd-based catalysts are also investigated and compared with experimental results.

Density functional theory study on the activation of molecular oxygen on a stepped gold surface in an aqueous environment: a new approach for simulating reactions in solution

The activation of oxygen molecules is an important issue in the gold-catalyzed partial oxidation of alcohols in aqueous solution. The complexity of the solution arising from a large number of solvent molecules makes it difficult to study the reaction in the system. In this work, O-2 activation on an Au catalyst is investigated using an effective approach to estimate the reaction barriers in the presence of solvent. Our calculations show that O-2 can be activated, undergoing OOH* in the presence of water molecules. The OOH* can readily be formed on Au(211) via four possible pathways with almost equivalent free energy barriers at the aqueous-solid interface: the direct or indirect activation of O-2 by surface hydrogen or the hydrolysis of O-2 following a Langmuir-Hinshelwood mechanism or an Eley-Rideal mechanism. Among them, the Eley-Rideal mechanism may be slightly more favorable due to the restriction of the low coverage of surface H on Au(211) in the other mechanisms. The results shed light on the importance of water molecules on the activation of oxygen in gold-catalyzed systems. Solvent is found to facilitate the oxygen activation process mainly by offering extra electrons and stabilizing the transition states. A correlation between the energy barrier and the negative charge of the reaction center is found. The activation barrier is substantially reduced by the aqueous environment, in which the first solvation shell plays the most important role in the barrier reduction. Our approach may be useful for estimating the reaction barriers in aqueous systems.

Mn ion dissolution from MnS:a density functional theory study

The dissolution of MnS inclusions could induce pitting corrosion in stainless steels, but its dissolution mechanism is poorly understood at the atomic scale. With the help of ab initio molecular dynamics calculations, one inevitable step in the dissolution of MnS is studied by simulating the process of one Mn ion leaving the surface. The reaction mechanism is determined to contain three steps with two large barriers and a small one, leading to two slow steps in the Mn ion dissolution. Comparing to the Na ion dissolution from NaCl, the barriers of the Mn ion dissolution are much larger, which is a reflection of their different electronic structures.

Oxygen reduction reaction mechanism on nitrogen-doped graphene:A density functional theory study

Nitrogen-doped graphene (N-graphene) was reported to exhibit a good activity experimentally as an electrocatalyst of oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) on the cathode of fuel cells under the condition of electropotential of similar to 0.04 V (vs. NNE) and pH of 14. This material is promising to replace or partially replace the conventionally used Pt. In order to understand the experimental results. ORR catalyzed by N-graphene is studied using density functional theory (DFT) calculations under experimental conditions taking the solvent, surface adsorbates, and coverages into consideration. Two mechanisms, i.e., dissociative and associative mechanisms, over different N-doping configurations are investigated. The results show that N-graphene surface is covered by O with 1/6 monolayer, which is used for reactions in this work. The transition state of each elementary step was identified using four different approaches, which give rise to a similar chemistry. A full energy profile including all the reaction barriers shows that the associative mechanism is more energetically favored than the dissociative one and the removal of O species from the surface is the rate-determining step. (C) 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Density Functional Theory Study of Iron and Cobalt Carbides for Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis

Carbides are important phases in heterogeneous catalysis. However, the understanding of carbide phases is inadequate: Fe and Co are the two commercial catalysts for Fischer-Tropsch (FT) synthesis, and experimental work showed that Fe carbide is the active phase in FT synthesis, whereas the appearance of Co carbide is considered as a possible deactivation cause, TO understand very different catalytic roles of carbides, all the key elementary steps in FT synthesis, that is, CO dissociation, C(1) hydrogenation, and C(1)+C(1) coupling, are extensively investigated on both carbide surfaces using first principles calculations. In particular, the most important issues in FT synthesis, the activity and methane selectivity, on the carbide surfaces are quantitatively determined and analyzed. They are also discussed together with metallic Fe and Co surfaces. It is found that (i) Fe carbide is more active than metallic Fe and has similar methane selectivity to Fe, being consistent with the experiments; and (ii) Co carbide is less active than Co and has higher methane selectivity, providing evidence on the molecular level to support the suggestion that the formation of Co carbide is a cause of relatively high methane selectivity and deactivation on Co catalysts.

An Energy Descriptor To Quantify Methane Selectivity in Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis:A Density Functional Theory Study

Selectivity is a fundamental issue in heterogeneous catalysis. In this study, the CH(4) selectivity in Fischer-Tropsch synthesis is chosen to be investigated: CH4 selectivity on Rh, Co, Ru, Fe, and Re surfaces is computed by first-principles methods. In conjunction with kinetic analyses, we are able to derive the effective barrier difference between methane formation and chain growth (Delta E(eff)) to quantify the CH(4) selectivity. By using this energy descriptor, the ranking of methane selectivity predicted from density functional theory (DFT) calculations is consistent with experimental work. Moreover, a linear correlation between Delta E(eff) and the chemisorption energy of C + 4H (Delta H) is found. This fundamental finding possesses the following significance: (i) it shows that the selectivity, which appears to have kinetic characteristics, is largely determined by thermodynamic properties; and (ii) it suggests that an increase of the binding strength of C + 4H will suppress methane selectivity.

Examining the redox and formate mechanisms for water-gas shift reaction on Au/CeO2 using density functional theory

We perform DFT calculations to investigate the redox and formate mechanisms of water-gas-shift (WGS) reaction on Au/CeO2 catalysts. In the redox mechanism, we analyze all the key elementary steps and find that the OH cleavage is the key step. Three possible pathways of OH cleavage are calculated: (1) OHad '' + *'--> H-ad' + O-ad"; (2) H-ad' + OHad '' --> H-2(g) + O-ad '' + *'; and (3) OHad" + OHad '' --> 2O(ad '') + H-2(g) (*': the free adsorption sites on the oxides; ad': adsorption on the metal; ad": adsorption on the oxide, respectively). In the formate mechanism, we identify all the possible pathways for the formation and decomposition of surface formates in the WGS reaction. It is found that there is a shortcoming in the redox and formate mechanisms which is related to surface oxygen reproduction. Four possible pathways for producing surface oxygen are studied, and all the barriers of the four pathways are more than 1 eV. Our results suggest that the processes to reproduce surface oxygen in the reaction circle are not kinetically easy. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

A density functional theory study of CO and atomic oxygen chemisorption on Pt(111)

Ab initio total energy calculations within a density functional theory framework have been performed for CO and atomic oxygen chemisorbed on the Pt(111) surface. Optimised geometries and chemisorption energies for CO and O on four high-symmetry sites, namely the top, bridge, fee hollow and hcp hollow sites, are presented, the coverage in all cases being 0.25 ML. The differences in CO adsorption energies between these sites are found to be small, suggesting that the potential energy surface for CO diffusion across Pt(111) is relatively flat. The 5 sigma and 2 pi molecular orbitals of CO are found to contribute to bonding with the metal. Some mixing of the 4 sigma and 1 pi molecular orbitals with metal states is also observed. For atomic oxygen, the most stable adsorption site is found to be the fee hollow site, followed in decreasing order of stability by the hcp hollow and bridge sites, with the top site being the least stable. The differences in chemisorption energies between sites for oxygen are larger than in the case of CO, suggesting a higher barrier to diffusion for atomic oxygen. The co-adsorption of CO and O has also been investigated. Calculated chemisorption energies for CO on an O/fcc-precovered surface show that of the available chemisorption sites, the top site at the oxygen atom's next-nearest neighbour surface metal atom is the most stable, with the other four sites calculated bring at least 0.29 eV less stable. The trend of CO site stability in the coadsorption system is explained in terms of a 'bonding competition' model. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

A density functional theory study of CH2 and H adsorption on Ni(111)

Ab initio total energy calculations within the density functional theory framework have been used to study the adsorption of CH2 and H as well as the coadsorption of CH2 and H on Ni(111). H binds strongly at threefold hollow sites with calculated adsorption energies of 2.60 and 2.54 eV at the face-centered-cubic (fcc) and hexagonal-close-packed (hcp) hollow sites, respectively. Adsorption energies and H-Ni distances are found to agree well with both experimental and theoretical results. CH2 adsorbs strongly at all high symmetry sites with calculated adsorption energies of 3.26, 3.22, 3.14 and 2.36 eV at the fcc, hcp, bridge and top sites, respectively. Optimized structures are reported at all sites, and, in the most stable hollow sites there is considerable internal reorganization of the CH2 fragment. The CH2 molecule is tilted, the hydrogens are inequivalent and the C-H bonds are lengthened relative to the gas phase. In the CH2-H coadsorption systems the adsorbates have a tendency to move toward bridge sites. The bonding of all adsorbates to the surface is analyzed in detail. (C) 2000 American Institute of Physics. [S0021-9606(00)71213-X].

Methyl chemisorption on Ni(111) and C-H-M multicentre bonding:a density functional theory study

Density functional theory has been used to study the adsorption of CH3 on Ni(111). CH3 is found to adsorb strongly at all four high symmetry sites of the Ni(111) surface. Calculated adsorption energies of CH3 on the different sites are in the following order: hcp approximate to fcc>bridge>top. The bonding and structures of CH3 on the different sites are analysed in detail. An important factor, namely three-centre bonding between carbon, hydrogen and nickel which contributes to the 'soft' C-H vibrational frequency of CH3 on Ni(111), and may determine the preferred chemisorption site, is stressed. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Density functional theory study of the interaction between CO and on a Pt surface:CO/Pt(111), O/Pt(111), and CO/O/Pt(111)

Ab initio total energy calculations within the Density Functional Theory framework were carried out for Pt(111), Pt(111)-p(2x2)-CO, Pt(111)-p(2x2)-O, and Pt(111)-p(2x2)-(CO+O) to provide an insight into the interaction between CO and O on metal surfaces, an important issue in CO oxidation, and also in promotion and poisoning effects of catalysis. The geometrical structures of these systems were optimized with respect to the total energy, the results of which agree with existing experimental values very well. It is found that (i) the local structures of Pt(111)-p(2x2)-(CO+O), such as the bond lengths of C-O, C-Pt, and O-Pt (chemisorbed O atom with Pt), are almost the same as that in Pt(111)-p(2x2)-CO and Pt(111)-p(2x2)-O, respectively, (ii) the total valence charge density distributions in Pt(111)-p(2x2)-(CO+O) are very similar to that in Pt(111)-p(2x2)-CO, except in the region of the chemisorbed oxygen atom, and also nearly identical to that in Pt(111)-p(2x2)-O, apart from in the region of the chemisorbed CO, and (iii) the chemisorption energy of CO on a precovered Pt(111)-p(2x2)-O and the chemisorption energy of O on a precovered Pt(111)-p(2x2)CO are almost equal to that in Pt(111)-p(2x2)-CO and Pt(111)-p(2x2)-O, respectively. These results indicate that the interaction between CO and chemisorbed oxygen on a metal surface is mainly shore range in nature. The discussions of Pt-CO and Pt-O bonding and the interaction between CO and the chemisorbed oxygen atom on Pt(111) are augmented by local densities of states and real space distributions of quantum states.

An insight into alkali promotion: a density functional theory study of CO dissociation on K/Rh(111)

The important role of alkali additives in heterogeneous catalysis is, to a large extent, related to the high promotion effect they have on many fundamental reactions. The wide application of alkali additives in industry does not, however, reflect a thorough understanding of the mechanism of their promotional abilities. To investigate the physical origin of the alkali promotion effect, we have studied CO dissociation on clean Rh(111) and K-covered Rh(111) surfaces using density functional theory. By varying the position of potassium atoms relative to a dissociating CO, we have mapped out the importance of different K effects on the CO dissociation reactions. The K-induced changes in the reaction pathways and reaction barriers have been determined; in particular, a large reduction of the CO dissociation barrier has been identified. A thorough analysis of this promotion effect allows us to rationalize both the electronic and the geometrical factors that govern alkali promotion effect: (i) The extent of barrier reductions depends strongly on how close K is to the dissociating CO. (ii) Direct K-O bonding that is in a very short range plays a crucial role in reducing the barrier. (iii) K can have a rather long-range effect on the TS structure, which could reduce slightly the barriers.