The vulnerability of children with disabilities to abuse: a literature review.

The Children (N.I.) Order 1995 provides a legal framework for the care and protection of al! children including those with disabilities. The Order sets out a number of key principles which apply to all children, including that the child's welfare is paramount, that children should be safe and be protected through effective interventions, and that children with disabilities are to be recognised as children first.

New results on a classical operator

It is remarkable how the classical Volterra integral operator, which was one of the first operators which attracted mathematicians' attention, is still worth of being studied. In this essentially survey work, by collecting some of the very recent results related to the Volterra operator, we show that there are new (and not so new) concepts that are becoming known only at the present days. Discovering whether the Volterra operator satisfies or not a given operator property leads to new methods and ideas that are useful in the setting of Concrete Operator Theory as well as the one of General Operator Theory. In particular, a wide variety of techniques like summability kernels, theory of entire functions, Gaussian cylindrical measures, approximation theory, Laguerre and Legendre polynomials are needed to analyze different properties of the Volterra operator. We also include a characterization of the commutator of the Volterra operator acting on L-P[0, 1], 1

Voltammetric characterization of the ferrocene vertical bar ferrocenium and cobaltocenium vertical bar cobaltocene redox couples in RTILs

Ferrocene, Fc, and cobaltocenium hexafluorophosphate, CcPF(6), have been recommended for use as internal reference redox couples in room-temperature ionic liquids (RTILs), as well as in more conventional aprotic solvents. In this study, the electrochemical behavior of Fc and CcPF(6) is reported in eight commonly used RTILs; [C(2)mim][NTf2], [C(4)mim][NTf2], [C(4)mim][BF4], [C(4)mim][PF6], [C(4)mim][OTf], [C(4)mim][NO3], [C(4)mpyrr][NTf2], and [P-14,P-6.6,P-6][FAP], where [C(n)mim](+) = 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium, [NTf2](-) = bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide, [BF4](-) = tetrafluoroborate, [PF6](-) = hexafluorophosphate, [OTf](-) = trifluoromethylsulfonate, [NO3](-) = nitrate, [C(4)mpyrr](+) = N-butyl-N-methylpyrrolidinium, [P-14,P-6,P-6,P-6](+) = tris(ri-hexyl)-tetradecylphosphonium and [FAP](-) = trifluorotris(pentafluoroethyl)phosphate, over a range of concentrations and temperatures. Solubilities and diffusion coefficients, D, of both the charged and neutral species were determined using double potential-step chronoamperometry, and CcPF(6) (36.5-450.0 mM) was found to be Much more Soluble than Fc (27.5-101.8 mM). It was observed that classical Stokes-Einstein diffusional behavior applies for Fc and CcPF(6) in all eight RTILs. Diffusion coefficients of Fc and CcPF(6) were calculated at a range of temperatures, and activation energies calculated. It was also determined that D for Fc and CcPF(6) does not change significantly with concentration. This supports the use of both Fe and CcPF(6) to provide a well-characterized and model redox couple for use as a voltammetric internal potential reference in RTILs contrary to previous literature reports in the former case.