Effect of Mixture Composition on Washout Resistance of Highly Flowable Underwater Concrete

The underwater casting of relatively thin lifts of concrete in water requires the proportioning of highly flowable concrete that can resist water dilution and segregation and spread readily into place. An investigation was carried out to determine the effects of antiwashout admixture concentration, water-cementitious materials ratio, and binder composition on the washout resistance of highly flowable concrete. Two main types of antiwashout admixtures were used: 1) a powdered welan gum at concentrations of 0.07 and 0.15% (by mass of binder); and 2) a liquid-based cellulosic admixture with dosages up to 1.65 L/100 kg of binder. The water-cementitious materials ratios were set at 0.41 and 0.47, corresponding to high-quality underwater concrete. Four binder compositions were used: a standard Canadian Type 10 cement, the same cement with 10% silica fume replacement, the cement with 50% granulated blast-furnace slag replacement, and a ternary cement containing 6% silica fume and 20% Class F fly ash. The concentrations of anti-washout admixture have direct impact on washout resistance. For a given washout loss, greater slump flow consistency can be achieved with the increases in anti-washout admixture concentration and decreases in water-binder ratio. The washout mass loss can be reduced, for a given consistency

Effect of Mixture Composition on Relative Strength of Highly Flowable Underwater Concrete

Concrete used for underwater repair is often proportioned to spread readily into place and self-consolidate, and to develop high resistance to segregation and water dilution. An investigation was carried out to determine the effect of the dosage of antiwashout admixture, water-cementitious materials ratio (w/cm), and binder composition on the relative residual strength of highly flowable underwater concrete. Two types of antiwashout admixtures were used: a powdered welan gum at 0.07 and 0.15% by mass of binder, and a liquid-based cellulosic admixture employed at a high dosage of 1 to 1.65 L/100 kg of cementitious materials. The w/cms were set at 0.41 and 0.47 to secure adequate performance of underwater concrete for construction and repair. Four binder compositions were used: a Canadian Type 10 cement; a cement with 10% silica fume replacement; a cement with 50% replacement of granulated blast-furnace slag; and a ternary binder containing 6% silica fume and 20% Class F fly ash. Test results indicate that for a given washout mass loss and slump flow consistency, greater relative residual strength can be secured when the dosage of antiwashout admixture is increased, the w/cm is reduced, and a binary binder with 10% silica fume substitution or the ternary binder are employed. Such mixtures can develop relative residual compressive strengths of 85 and 80%, compared to mixtures cast in air, when the value of washout loss is limited to 4 and 6% for mixtures with slump flow values of 450 and 550 mm, respectively.

Lipid content and fatty acid composition of the digital cushion of bulls offered different amounts of linseed

Previous research suggests that the digital cushion, a shock-absorbing structure in the claw, plays an important role in protecting cattle from lameness. This study aimed to assess the degree to which nutritional factors influence the composition of the digital cushion. This involved quantifying lipid content and fatty acid composition differences in digital cushion tissue from cattle offered diets with different amounts of linseed. Forty-six bulls were allocated to 1 of 4 treatments, which were applied for an average of 140 +/- 27 d during the finishing period. The treatments consisted of a linseed supplement offered once daily on top of the basal diet (grass silage:concentrate) at 0, 400, 800, or 1,200 g of supplement/animal per day. For each treatment, the concentrate offered was adjusted to ensure that total estimated ME intake was constant across treatments. Target BW at slaughter was 540 kg. Legs were collected in 3 batches after 120, 147 and 185 d on experiment. Six samples of the digital cushion were dissected from the right lateral hind claw of each animal. Lipids were extracted and expressed as a proportion of fresh tissue, and fatty acid composition of the digital cushion was determined by gas chromatography. Data were analyzed by ANOVA, with diet, location within the digital cushion, and their interactions as fixed effects and fat content (grams per 100 g of tissue) as a covariate. Linear or quadratic contrasts were examined. The lipid content of digital cushion tissue differed between sampling locations (P

Influence of regrouping strategy on performance, behaviour and carcass parameters in pigs

One thousand two hundred pigs were weaned at 4 weeks of age and mixed to form groups of ten animals that were balanced for gender. The groups consisted of uniform weight groups (i.e. separate groups of small, medium or large pigs), or mixed weight groups (i.e. groups containing small, medium and large pigs). Half of the groups were retained from weaning until slaughter at 21 weeks of age, and half were regrouped at the start of the finishing period at 10 weeks of age. In this regrouping, uniform weight groups were regrouped to form mixed weight groups, and mixed weight groups were regrouped to form uniform weight groups. In addition, some mixed weight groups were regrouped to form mixed weight groups in order to assess the effect of regrouping at 10 weeks of age on performance and aggressive behaviour.

The effect of androgen deprivation therapy on body composition in men with prostate cancer systematic review and meta analysis

The use of androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) in the treatment of prostate cancer is associated with changes in body composition including increased fat and decreased lean mass. Limited information exists regarding the rate and extent of these changes. This systematic review was conducted to determine the effects of ADT on body composition in prostate cancer patients.