Speciation in Red Algae: Members of the Ceramiales as Model Organisms

Red algae (Rhodophyta) are an ancient group with unusual morphological, biochemical, and life-history features including a complete absence of flagella. Although the red algae present many opportunities for studying speciation, this has rarely been explicitly addressed. Here, we examine an aspect of paternal gene flow by determining fertilization success of female Neosiphonia harveyi (Ceramiales), which retains a morphological record of all successful and unsuccessful female gametes. High fertilization rates were observed except when there were no males at all within the tidepool, or in a submerged marina environment. Small numbers of reproductive males were able to saturate fertilization rates, suggesting that limited availability of sperm may be less significant in red algae than previously thought. In another member of the Ceramiales, Antithamnion, relatively large chromosomes permit karyological identification of polyploids. The Western Pacific species Antithamnion sparsum is closely related to the diploid species Antithamnion defectum, known only from the Eastern Pacific, and appears to have evolved from it. Molecular evidence suggests that A. sparsum is an autopolyploid, and that the European species known as Antithamnion densum is divergent from the A. sparsum/defectum complex.

Ciprofloxacin use and susceptibility of Gram-negative organisms to quinolone and non-quinolone antibiotics

A Trust strategy to reduce ciprofloxacin use was implemented at a University hospital. This study aimed to investigate whether the susceptibility of Gram-negative organisms (GNO) to alternative antimicrobials (co-amoxiclav, doxycycline, aztreonam, piperacillin/tazobactam, meropenem and gentamicin) changed, and whether there was any relationship between GNO susceptibility to these antimicrobials and ciprofloxacin usage.

Toxicity of mono-, di- and tri-chlorophenols to lux marked terrestrial bacteria, Burkholderia species Rasc c2 and Pseudomonas fluorescens

Burkholderia species RASC and Pseudomonas fluorescens were marked with lux genes, encoding for bioluminescence and used to assess the toxicity of mono-, di- and tri-chlorophenols by determining the decline in bioluminescence following exposure to the compounds in aqueous solution. Toxicity was expressed as a 50% effective concentration value (EC50, equating to the concentration of compound which caused a 50% decline in bioluminescence. Comparing the toxicity values of the compounds showed that, in general, increasing the degree of chlorination, increased toxicity. By carrying out forward multiple linear regressions with log10 EC50 values and physio-chemical descriptors, it was shown that molecular parameters describing the hydrogen bonding nature of a chlorophenol provided a better fit than regressions between toxicity data and log10 Kow alone. Utilising these descriptor variables in equations, it was shown that the toxicity of chlorophenols to the lux marked bacteria could be predicted from the compounds physio-chemical characteristics. By correlating lux marked RASC c2 and P. fluorescens EC50 values with toxicity values using Pimephales promelas (fathead minnow), Tetrahymena pyriformis (ciliate) and marine bacterium Vibriofischeri, it was apparent that lux marked RASC c2 correlated well with the freshwater aquatic species (P. promelas and T. pyriformis). This implied that for predictions of toxicity of organic xenobiotic compounds to higher organisms, lux marked RASC c2 could be utilised as a rapid surrogate.

The colonization of macroalgal rafts by the genus Idotea (sub-phylum Crustacea; Order Isopoda):An active or passive process?

The association of invertebrate communities with macroalgae rafts has received much attention over recent decades, yet significant gaps in our knowledge remain with respect to the colonization process. Using laboratory-based experiments and in situ field trials in Strangford Lough, Northern Ireland, this study investigated whether members of the known rafting genus Idotea (sub-phylum Crustacea; order Isopoda) could effectively colonize rafts after shore seaweed detachment, or if their presence merely reflected a passive marooning process. Test tank arenas were used to identify traits that may influence the rafting potential of the dominant shore species Idotea granulosa and the well known rafter Idotea baltica. When released mid-water, I. granulosa initially ascended and associated with floating seaweed whereas I. baltica tended to descend with no clear habitat association. These findings conflict with the differential distribution of these Idotea species among rafts and shore algae, thus highlighting the complex nature of the potential of organisms to raft. In the field we considered the relative ability of different Idotea species to colonize tethered rafts composed of Ascophyllum nodosum and Fucus vesiculosus, cleaned of all vagile organisms and deployed at locations adjacent to established intertidal Idotea species populations. At the end of the experiment (after 44 days) rafts were inhabited by known rafting and shoreline species, confirming that colonization can occur after algal detachment. Previously considered shoreline species on occasion outnumbered well known rafters suggesting that a wide range of Idotea species can readily avail of macroalgal rafts as a potential dispersal mechanism or alternative habitat. © 2012 Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom.

Cities as Organisms

Since the UN report by the Brundtland Committee, sustainability in the built environment has mainly been seen from a technical focus on single buildings or products. With the energy efficiency approaching 100%, fossil resources depleting and a considerable part of the world still in need of better prosperity, the playing field of a technical focus has become very limited. It will most probably not lead to the sustainable development needed to avoid irreversible effects on climate, energy provision and, not least, society.
Cities are complex structures of independently functioning elements, all of which are nevertheless connected to different forms of infrastructure, which provide the necessary sources or solve the release of waste material. With the current ambitions regarding carbon- or energy-neutrality, retreating again to the scale of a building is likely to fail. Within an urban context a single building cannot become fully resource-independent, and need not, from our viewpoint. Cities should be considered as an organism that has the ability to intelligently exchange sources and waste flows. Especially in terms of energy, it can be made clear that the present situation in most cities are undesired: there is simultaneous demand for heat and cold, and in summer a lot of excess energy is lost, which needs to be produced again in winter. The solution for this is a system that intelligently exchanges and stores essential sources, e.g. energy, and that optimally utilises waste flows.
This new approach will be discussed and exemplified. The Rotterdam Energy Approach and Planning (REAP) will be illustrated as a means for urban planning, whereas Swarm Planning will be introduced as another nature-based principle for swift changes towards sustainability

Biomonitoring aquatic environmental quality in a marine protected area: A biomarker approach

The main aims of the present study, conducted in the framework of the MONIQUA-Egadi Scientific Project, were twofold: first, to make the first step in the development and validation of an ecotoxicological approach for the assessment of marine pollution in coastal environments on the basis of a set of biomarker responses in new sentinel species; and second, to obtain preliminary information on environmental quality in an Italian marine protected area, the Egadi Islands (Sicily). Several cytochrome P450-dependent mixed-function oxidase activities were measured in the following sentinel species: rainbow wrasse Coris julis, gastropod limpet Patella caerulea, and sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus. The results suggest that specimens from the Favignana Harbor may be exposed to P450 inducers, whereas most of the other sites seem to share similar environmental quality. The proposed approach has potential for assessment of environmental quality in marine protected areas.

A preliminary survey of micro-organisms in the gut and pellets of a tropical millipede Doratogonus uncinatus Attems (Diplopoda, Spirostreptida, Spirostreptidae).

Millipede gut microbiology and decomposition of faecal pellets over a period of eight weeks were studied in the laboratory. Bacterial numbers, carbon and nitrogen content, pH and weight loss were monitored. Heterotrophic bacteria were the most abundant and reached a peak in the first two weeks of decomposition. The amount of carbon was constant while ammonium nitrogen decreased from 1.51 % to 0.03 % after eight weeksThe pH of the pellets was slightly acidic and did not change much during the course of decomposition. A succession of micro-organisms was observed on decomposing pellets. Zygomycetes were replaced by Ascomycetes after 20 days of decomposition. Decomposition was significantly affected by temperature. The rate of decomposition was highest at 35[degree]C .

Factors influencing acquisition of Burkholderia cepacia complex organisms in patients with cystic fibrosis

Burkholderia cepacia complex organisms are important transmissible pathogens found in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. In recent years, the rates of cross-infection of epidemic strains have declined due to effective infection control efforts. However, cases of sporadic B. cepacia complex infection continue to occur in some centers. The acquisition pathways and clinical outcomes of sporadic B. cepacia complex infection are unclear. We sought to determine the patient clinical characteristics, outcomes, incidence, and genotypic relatedness for all cases of B. cepacia complex infection at two CF centers. We also sought to study the external conditions that influence the acquisition of infection. From 2001 to 2011, 67 individual organisms were cultured from the respiratory samples of 64 patients. Sixty-five percent of the patients were adults, in whom chronic infections were more common (68%) (P = 0.006). The incidence of B. cepacia complex infection increased by a mean of 12% (95% confidence interval [CI], 3 to 23%) per year. The rates of transplantation and death were similar in the incident cases who developed chronic infection compared to those in patients with chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection. Multilocus sequence typing revealed 50 individual strains from 65 isolates. Overall, 85% of the patients were infected with unique strains, suggesting sporadic acquisition of infection. The yearly incidence of nonepidemic B. cepacia complex infection was positively correlated with the amount of rainfall in the two sites examined: subtropical Brisbane (r = 0.65, P = 0.031) and tropical Townsville (r = 0.82, P = 0.002). This study demonstrates that despite strict cohort segregation, new cases of unrelated B. cepacia complex infection continue to occur. These data also support an environmental origin of infection and suggest that climate conditions may be associated with the acquisition of B. cepacia complex infections.

Marine organisms for bone repair and regeneration

Bioprospecting has led to increased interest in potential applications for marine organisms and their by-products. As a rich source of mineralising porous organisms, our seas and oceans could provide new directions for bone tissue engineering particularly in the supply of biomimetic templates that may enhance in vivo and ex vivo bone formation. In this chapter we examine the history of marine organism use in this field; exploring how these organisms could be utilised, given the problems of sustainability, and reviewing the current evidence to support their use for bone repair and regeneration.

The application of TiO2 photocatalysis for disinfection of water contaminated with pathogenic micro-organisms: a review

The use of semiconductor photocatalysis for treatment of water and air has been the topic of intense research activity over the past 20 years. This powerful process has also been extended to the disinfection of environments contaminated with pathogenic micro-organisms. This review summarizes recent developments concerned with the photocatalytic treatment of water contaminated with pathogenic micro-organisms presenting a potential hazard to animals and human beings.