Are Northern Ireland’s communities dividing? Evidence from geographically consistent Census of Population data, 1971–2001

There is an extensive literature on various aspects of segregation in Northern Ireland (NI). However, there are no census-based analyses of population change and residential segregation that cover the entire 1971 – 2001 period using consistent geographical units through time for all NI. This shortcoming is addressed in this paper by an analysis of changes in (ihs1) the spatial distribution of population and (iihs1) residential segregation between 1971 and 2001 using the NI Grid-Square Product comprising data for a set of 1 rm km2 cells that cover all populated areas in NI. The substantive issue of whether NI has become more segregated through time is addressed as are questions about measuring change through time using the census and the importance of spatial scale. One important conclusion is that NI indeed became more residentially segregated between 1971 and 2001, but that residential segregation in 2001 remained approximately at its 1991 level according to most indicators.

Cinderella comes to the Ball: Article 14 and the right to non-discrimination in the ECHR

Article 14 ECHR has often been derided as a Cinderella provision, but during the last few years, this has started to change. This article examines how Article 14 has developed, and may live up to its potential as a powerful non-discrimination principle. The case law developments in relation to the “ambit” requirement in Article 14, the development of indirect discrimination case law, and the approval of positive action, all point to a more substantive conception of equality, which offers protection to disadvantaged and vulnerable groups.

X-ray diffraction, optical microscopy, and microhardness studies of gas nitrided titanium alloys and titanium aluminide

Thermochemical surface gas nitriding of ß21s, Timetal 205 and a Ti–Al alloy was conducted using differential scanning calorimeter equipment, in nominally pure nitrogen at 850 °C and 950 °C (ß21s), 730 °C and 830 °C (Timetal 205), and 950 °C and 1050 °C (Ti–Al) for 1 h, 3 h and 5 h. X-ray diffraction analyses showed new phases formed in the nitrided layer, depending on the alloy and the time and the temperature of nitriding. Microstructures were analyzed using optical microscopy. Cross-sectional microhardness profiles of cross-sectional samples after nitriding were obtained using a Knoop indenter.

Can we characterise ‘openness’ in the Holocene palaeoenvironmental record? Modern analogue studies of insect faunas and pollen spectra from Dunham Massey deer park and Epping Forest, England

This paper examines the degree to which tree-associated Coleoptera (beetles) and pollen could be used to predict the degree of ‘openness’ in woodland. The results from two modern insect and pollen analogue studies from ponds at Dunham Massey, Cheshire and Epping Forest, Greater London are presented. We explore the reliability of modern pollen rain and sub-fossil beetle assemblages to represent varying degrees of canopy cover for up to 1000m from a sampling site. Modern woodland canopy structure around the study sites has been assessed using GIS-based mapping at increasing radial distances as an independent check on the modern insect and pollen data sets. These preliminary results suggest that it is possible to use tree-associated Coleoptera to assess the degree of local vegetation openness. Additionally, it appears that insect remains may indicate the relative intensity of land use by grazing animals. Our results also suggest most insects are collected from within a 100m to 200m radius of the sampling site. The pollen results suggest that local vegetation and density of woodland in the immediate area of the sampling site can have a strong role in determining the pollen signal.

3,5-dimethyl-4-amino-1,2,4-triazole (Dat) as a tridentate ligand in the polymeric cations of [Ag-3(Dat)(2)](NO3)(3)

Colourless single crystals of [Ag-3(Dat)(2)](NO3)(3) were obtained from a reaction of silver(l) nitrate and 3,5-dimethyl-4-amino-1,2,4-triazole (Dat). In the crystal structure (orthorhombic, Fdd2, Z = 8, a = 1100.1(2), b = 3500.3(2), c = 1015.4(3) pm, R, = 0.0434) there are two crystallographically non-equivalent silver sites in a one (Ag1) to two ratio (Ag2). Both resemble linear N-Ag-N coordination although angles are 163 degrees and 144 degrees, respectively Each Dat ligand coordinates with the two ring nitrogen atoms at 216 to 219 pm and with one amino-nitrogen atom at 229 pro. According to the composition [Ag-3(Dat)(2)](3+) = [(Dat)Ag-3/2](3+), a polymeric structure is built with all Ag+ ions bridging.

The persistence of the HgCl2 molecule in five new compounds in the system (NH4)(w)HgxCly(H2O)(z) with w : x : y : z=1 : 5 : 11 : 0, 2 : 3 : 8 : 1, 4 : 3 : 10 : 2, 2 : 1 : 4 : 1, and 10 : 3 : 16 : 0

Five new compounds in the system (NH4)Cl/HgCl2/H2O have been obtained as colourless single crystals, (NH4)Hg5Cl11, (NH4)(2)Hg3Cl8(H2O), (NH4)(4)Hg3Cl10(H2O)(2), (NH4)(2)HgCl4(H2O), and (NH4)(10)Hg3Cl16. In all of these, as in HgCl2 itself, (almost) linear HgCl2 molecules persist with Hg-Cl distances varying from 229 to 236 pm. In (NH4)(10)Hg3Cl16 there are also tetrahedra [HgCl4] with d(Hg-Cl) = 247 pm present. If larger Hg-Cl distances (of up to 340 pm) are considered as belonging to the coordination sphere of Hg-II, the structures may be described as consisting of isolated octahedra and tetrahedra as in (NH4)(10)Hg3Cl16, edge-connected chains as in (NH4)(2)HgCl4(H2O), edge-connected chains and layers of octahedra as in (NH4)(4)Hg3Cl10(H2O)(2), corrugated layers of edge-connected octahedra as in (NH4)(2)Hg3Cl8(H2O), and, finally, a three-dimensional network of connected six- and seven-coordinate Hg-Cl polyhedra as in (NH4)Hg5Cl11. The water molecules are never attached to Hg-II. The (NH4)(+) cations, and sometimes Cl- anions, play a role for electroneutrality only.

Crystal structure of pyridinium 1,1 '-bis(4-hydroxy-pyrimid-6-on-2-thion-5-yl)-1 ''-(4-nitrophenyl)methane methanol solvate monohydrate, (C5H6N)(C15H10N5O6S2)center dot CH3OH center dot H2O

C21H22N6O8S2, monoclinic, P12(1)/n1 (no. 14), a = 10.1931(8) angstrom, b = 11.9627(7) angstrom, c = 20.299(2) angstrom, beta = 95.131(4)degrees, V = 2465.2 A(3), Z = 4, R-gt(F) = 0.079, wR(ref)(F-2) = 0.229, T = 100 K.