Comparison of Composite Placement Techniques by Recently Qualified Dental Practitioners.

Objectives: To evaluate the placement of composite materials by new graduates using three alternative placement techniques.Methods: A cohort of 34 recently qualified graduates were asked to restore class II interproximal cavities in plastic teeth using three different techniques.

(i) A conventional incremental filling technique (Herculite XRV) using increments no larger than 2-mm with an initial layer on the cervical floor of the box of 1-mm.
(ii) Flowable bulk fill technique (Dentsply SDR) bulk fill placement in a 3-mm layer followed by an incremental fill of a microhybrid resin
(iii) Bulk fill (Kerr Sonicfill) which involved restorations placed in a 5-mm layer.

The operators were instructed in each technique, didactically and with a hands-on demonstration, prior to restoration placement.
All restorations were cured according to manufacturer’s recommendations. Each participant restored 3 teeth, 1 tooth per treatment technique.
The restorations were evaluated using modified USPHS criteria to assess both the marginal adaptation and the surface texture of the restorations. Blind evaluations were carried out independently by two examiners with the aid of magnification (loupes X2.5). Examiners were standardized prior to evaluation.
Results: Gaps between the tooth margins and the restoration or between the layers of the restoration were found in 13 of Group (i), 3 of Group (ii), and 4 of Group (iii)
Statistical analysis revealed a significant difference between the incrementally filled group (i) and the flowable bulk-fill group (ii) (p=0.0043) and between the incrementally filled (i) and the bulk fill groups (iii) (p=0.012) and no statistical difference (p=0.69) between the bulk filled groups Conclusions: Bulk fill techniques may result in a more satisfactory seal of the cavity margins when restoring with composite.

Effect of the interaction layer on the mechanical properties of Ti–6Al–4V alloy castings

The interaction between the face coat material of a mould and the titanium alloy will cause oxygen penetration during the casting and solidification process, resulting in the formation of an α-case interaction layer at the metal surface that influences the mechanical properties of the cast components. In this study, the influence of α-case thickness and loading positions in a Ti–6Al–4V (Ti64) alloy on metal hardness, impact properties and bending strength was investigated. The results showed that the metal surface α-case consisted of many coarse α laths which has a higher hardness than metal matrix. The mechanical properties of the alloy are influenced by the α-case. The alloy bending strength was observed to have changed linearly with the thickness of sample.

Laser-fabricated PET-Ti Hybrid Joints for Medical Device Applications

Currently, micro-joining of plastic parts to metal parts in medical devices is achieved by using medical adhesives, For example, pacemakers, defibrillators and neurological stimulators are designed using silicone adhesive to seal the joint between the polyurethane connector module and the titanium can [1]. Nevertheless, the use of adhesive is problematic because it requires a long time to cure and has high tendency to produce leachable products which might be harmful to the human body. An alternative for directly joining plastics to metal without adhesive is therefore required. Laser transmission joining (LTJ) is growing in importance, and has the potential to gain the niche in micro-fabrication of plastics-metal hybrid joints for medical device applications. The possibility of directly joining plastics to metal by LTJ technique have been demonstrated by a number of studies in recent literature [2]. The widely-accepted understanding of LTJ between plastics and metal is that generation and rapid expansion of micro-bubbles at the plastics-metal interface exert high local pressure to press the melted plastics towards the metal surface features during the laser processing [2]. This subsequently creates the plastics-metal hybrid joint by the mechanisms of mechanical interlocking as well as chemical and physical bonds between the plastics and metal surfaces. Although the micro-bubbles can help promote the mechanical interlocking effect to increase the joint strength, the creation of bubble is a random and complex process depending on the complicated interactions between the laser intensity, thermal degradation properties of plastics, surface temperature and topographical features of metal. In an ideal situation, it is desirable to create the hybrid plastics-metal joint without bubbles. However, the mechanical performance of the hybrid plastics-metal joint without bubbles is still unknown, and systematic comparison between the hybrid joints with and without bubbles is lacking in literature. This becomes the objective of this study. In this work, the laser process parameters were carefully chosen from a preliminary study, such that different hybrid joints: with and without bubbles can be produced and compared. Biocompatible PET and commercially pure Ti were selected as materials for laser joining.

Light tunneling via resonant surface plasmon polariton states and the enhanced transmission of periodically nanostructured metal films: An analytical study

An analytical treatment of optical transmission through periodically nanosructured metal films capable of supporting surface-plasmon polaritons is presented. The optical properties of such metal films are governed by surface polariton behavior in a periodic surface structure forming a surface polaritonic crystal. Due to different configurations of the electromagnetic field of surface polariton modes, only states of even Brillouin zones are responsible for the optical transmission enhancement at normal incidence. The transmission enhancement is related to photon tunneling via resonant states of surface polariton Bloch modes in which the energy buildup takes place. Surface polariton states of at least one of the film interfaces contribute to the transmission resonance which occurs due to tunnel coupling between photons and surface polaritons on the opposite interfaces. Under double-resonance conditions, resonant tunneling between surface polariton states of both interfaces is achieved, which leads to further enhancement of the transmission efficiency. The double-resonance conditions occur not only in the case of a film in symmetric environment but can also be engineered for a film on a substrate. Light tunneling via surface polariton states can take place directly through a structured metal film and does not necessarily require holes in a film.

The basis for the formation of stable metal clusters on an electrode surface

Metal nanoclusters can be produced cheaply and precisely in an electrochemical environment. Experimentally this method works in some systems, but not in others, and the unusual stability of the clusters has remained a mystery. We have simulated the deposition of the clusters using classical molecular dynamics and studied their stability by grand-canonical Monte Carlo simulations. We find that electrochemically stable clusters occur only in those cases where the two metals involved form stable alloys.

Importance of electronegativity differences and surface structure in molecular dissociation reactions at transition metal surfaces

The dissociative adsorption of N-2 has been studied at both monatomic steps and flat regions on the surfaces of the 4d transition metals from Zr to Pd. Using density functional theory (DFT) calculations, we have determined and analyzed the trends in both straight reactivity and structure sensitivity across the periodic table. With regards to reactivity, we find that the trend in activation energy (Ea) is determined mainly by a charge transfer from the surface metal atoms to the N atoms during transition state formation, namely, the degree of ionicity of the N-surface bond at the transition state. Indeed, we find that the strength of the metal-N bond at the transition state (and therefore the trend in Ea) can be predicted by the difference in Mulliken electronegativity between the metal and N. Structure sensitivity is analyzed in terms of geometric and electronic effects. We find that the lowering of Ea due to steps is more pronounced on the right-hand side of the periodic table. It is found that for the early transition metals the geometric and electronic effects work in opposition when going from terrace to step active site. In the case of the late 4d metals, however, these effects work in combination, producing a more marked reduction in Ea.

Changes in surface stress caused by the adsorption of an epitaxial metal monolayer

The adsorption of a metal monolayer on a foreign substrate generates a change in the surface stress. We calculate this change for a number of substrate/adsorbate systems using the embedded-atom method. The results are compared with those obtained from a continuum model. A cycle, in which the stretching of a substrate/adsorbate system is decomposed into several steps, helps in understanding the numerical results. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Structure of Adenine on Metal Nanoparticles: pH Equilibria and Formation of Ag+ Complexes Detected by Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy

The SERS spectra of adenine recorded under a broad range of pH values and concentrations using both silver and gold colloids provided evidence for the existence of several distinct species. At high concentration (0.5-10 ppm), the spectra recorded between pH 1 and 11 showed only two distinct spectra, rather than the three forms that would be expected for a compound with two pK(a) values of 4.2 and 9.8. The spectra at neutral and alkaline pH were identical and assigned to the deprotonated form of adenine on the basis of DFT calculations, isotope shifts, and comparison with the normal Raman spectra of neutral and deprotonated adenine. The spectra at acidic pH were different, consistent with adenine protonation. Neutral adenine was not detected at any pH studied. At low adenine concentration (

Adsorption of metal ions on nitrogen surface functional groups in activated carbons

A commercially available coconut-shell-derived active carbon was oxidized with nitric acid, and both the original and oxidized active carbons were treated with ammonia at 1073 K to incorporate nitrogen functional groups into the carbon. An active carbon with very high nitrogen content (similar to9.4 wt % daf) was also prepared from a nitrogen-rich precursor, polyacrylonitrile (PAN). These nitrogen-rich carbons had points of zero charge (pH(pzc)) similar to H-type active carbons. X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) were used to characterize the nitrogen functional groups in the carbons. The nitrogen functional groups present on the carbon surface were pyridinic, pyrrolic (or indolic), and pyridonic structures. The adsorption of transition metal cations Cd2+, Ni2+, and Cu2+ from aqueous solution on the suite of active carbons showed that adsorption was markedly higher for carbons with nitrogen functional groups present on the surface than for carbons with similar pH(pzc) values. In contrast, the adsorption characteristics of Ca2+ from aqueous solution were similar for all the carbons studied. Flow microcalorimetry (FMC) studies showed that the enthalpies of adsorption of Cd2+(aq) on the active carbons with high nitrogen contents were much higher than for nitric acid oxidized carbons studied previously, which also had enhanced adsorption characteristics for metal ion species. The enthalpies of adsorption of Cu2+ were similar to those obtained for Cd2+ for specific active carbons. The nitrogen functional groups in the carbons act as surface coordination sites for the adsorption of transition metal ions from aqueous solution. The adsorption characteristics of these carbons are compared with those of oxidized carbons.

SURFACE-PLASMON ENHANCED LASER-ABLATION OF THIN METAL-FILMS

Surface plasmon enhancement of laser ablation of thin Al films is examined with a view to its application in metal film patterning and nano-structuring. Al films, deposited on silica prisms, are first characterized by attenuated total reflection using a broadband UV source and appropriate interference filter. The films are subsequently subjected to excimer laser radiation of wavelength 248 nm under conditions both of direct incidence from the air side of the film, and of surface plasmon excitation in which light is incident through the prism at greater than critical angle. For a given level of ablation damage in a particular film the fluence required using the surface plasmon technique is 3-5 times less than that needed when direct incidence is used. This is roughly in line with the energy absorbed in the film. From a practical standpoint it is clear that ablation of metal films can be achieved with much lower fluences than has hitherto been possible, thus reducing the requirements on laser output and relaxing the power handling constraints on any input optical elements.