The Influence of Aspect on the Biological Colonization of Stone in Northern Ireland.

The rate and type of biological colonization of stone is influenced by a wide array of environmental factors in addition to substrate characteristics. A series of experiments was designed to compare the rate and type of biological colonization of stone at varying locations over a 21-month time period. Exposure
trials were set up at nine different sites across Northern Ireland that covered a wide variety of environmental conditions. To determine aspect-related differences in colonization, blocks of Peakmoor sandstone and Portland limestone were placed on the north- and south-facing sides of purpose-designed exposure racks. Colorimetry and visual analysis were carried out on collected samples at increasing time intervals. Results showed significantly different rates of darkening and greening over time between north-facing and south-facing blocks, for both sandstone and limestone. This difference is likely to be representative of the fact that in Northern Ireland’s wet climate and northern-latitude position, the north face of a building will receive less direct sunlight. Therefore north-facing blocks, once wet, will remain damp for much longer than blocks on other façades. This slow-drying phenomenon is much more hospitable for biological colonization and continued growth than the hostile environment of rapid wetting and drying cycles experienced on the south face.

Web-based social movements contesting marketing strategy: Mobilization of multiple actors and rhetorical strategies

Previous studies suggest that marketing strategy is developed and used to mobilise and configure the actions of firm actors, creating a set of stabilising activities focused on the firm–customer dyad. Destabilising forces precipitated by the Internet and associated digital technologies involving contention and disruption by multiple actors are much less prevalent in the marketing literature. The central point we advance is that rather than marketing strategy being a controlled and stabilising force for firms in their relationships with customers, it can often lead to socially produced spaces where consumers and, importantly, other multiple actors form a social movement to actively attempt to destabilise it and contest its legitimacy. Using an innovative research approach, the findings of this study show how social movements proactively enrol and mobilise a wide range of relevant actors into a network of influence. Critical to this are rhetorical strategies, acting as important levers in attempts to destabilise and delegitimise a dominant firm's marketing strategy.

Stable isotope probing analysis of the influence of liming on root exudate utilization by soil microorganisms

Rhizosphere microorganisms play an important role in soil carbon flow, through turnover of root exudates, but there is little information on which organisms are actively involved or on the influence of environmental conditions on active communities. In this study, a (CO2)-C-13 pulse labelling field experiment was performed in an upland grassland soil, followed by RNA-stable isotope probing (SIP) analysis, to determine the effect of liming on the structure of the rhizosphere microbial community metabolizing root exudates. The lower limit of detection for SIP was determined in soil samples inoculated with a range of concentrations of C-13-labelled Pseudomonas fluorescens and was found to lie between 10(5) and 10(6) cells per gram of soil. The technique was capable of detecting microbial communities actively assimilating root exudates derived from recent photo-assimilate in the field. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) profiles of bacteria, archaea and fungi derived from fractions obtained from caesium trifluoroacetate (CsTFA) density gradient ultracentrifugation indicated that active communities in limed soils were more complex than those in unlimed soils and were more active in utilization of recently exuded C-13 compounds. In limed soils, the majority of the community detected by standard RNA-DGGE analysis appeared to be utilizing root exudates. In unlimed soils, DGGE profiles from C-12 and C-13 RNA fractions differed, suggesting that a proportion of the active community was utilizing other sources of organic carbon. These differences may reflect differences in the amount of root exudation under the different conditions.

Oxidative dehydrogenation of propane with N2O over Fe-ZSM-5 and Fe-SiO2: Influence of the iron species and acid sites

A series of iron containing zeolites with varying Si/Al ratios (11.5-140) and low iron content (similar to 0.9 wt.% Fe) have been synthesised by solid-state ion exchange with commercially available zeolites and tested, for the first time, in the oxidative dehydrogenation of propane (ODHP) with N2O. The samples were characterised by XRD, N-2-Adsorption, NH3-TPD and DR-UV-vis spectroscopy. The acidity of the Fe-ZSM-5 can be controlled by high temperature and steam treatments and Si/Al ratio. The selectivity and yield of propene were found to be the highest over Fe-ZSM-5 with low Al contents and reduced acidity. The initial propene yield over Fe-ZSM-5 was significantly higher than that of Fe-SiO2 since the presence of weak and/or medium acid sites together with oligonuclear iron species and iron oxides on the ZSM-5 are found to enhance the N2O activation. The coking of Fe-ZSM-5 catalysts could also be controlled by reduction of the surface acidity of ZSM-5 and by the use of O-2 in addition to N2O as the oxidant. Fe-ZSM-5 zeolites prepared with solid-state method have been shown to have comparable activity and better stability towards coking compared with Fe-ZSM-5 zeolites prepared by liquid ion exchange and hydrothermal synthesis methods. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Adherence to antiepileptic medicines in children: A multiple-methods assessment involving dried blood spot sampling

Purpose: To evaluate adherence to prescribed antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) in children with epilepsy using a combination of adherence-assessment methods.
Methods: A total of 100 children with epilepsy (=17 years old) were recruited. Medication adherence was determined via parental and child self-reporting (=9 years old), medication refill data from general practitioner (GP) prescribing records, and via AED concentrations in dried blood spot (DBS) samples obtained from children at the clinic and via self- or parental-led sampling in children's own homes. The latter were assessed using population pharmacokinetic modeling. Patients were deemed nonadherent if any of these measures were indicative of nonadherence with the prescribed treatment. In addition, beliefs about medicines, parental confidence in seizure management, and the presence of depressed mood in parents were evaluated to examine their association with nonadherence in the participating children.
Key Findings: The overall rate of nonadherence in children with epilepsy was 33%. Logistic regression analysis indicated that children with generalized epilepsy (vs. focal epilepsy) were more likely (odds ratio [OR] 4.7, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.37-15.81) to be classified as nonadherent as were children whose parents have depressed mood (OR 3.6, 95% CI 1.16-11.41).
Significance: This is the first study to apply the novel methodology of determining adherence via AED concentrations in clinic and home DBS samples. The present findings show that the latter, with further development, could be a useful approach to adherence assessment when combined with other measures including parent and child self-reporting. Seizure type and parental depressed mood were strongly predictive of nonadherence. © 2013 International League Against Epilepsy.
Key Words: Adherence, Epilepsy, Dried blood spots, MARS, Depressed mood.

Arsenic speciation in Chinese Herbal Medicines and human health implications for inorganic arsenic

Rice and drinking water are recognized as the dominant sources of arsenic (As) for human intake, while little is known about As accumulation and speciation in Chinese Herbal Medicines (CHMs), which have been available for many hundreds of years for the treatment of diseases in both eastern and western cultures. Inorganic arsenic was the predominant species in all of CHMs samples. The levels of inorganic arsenic in CHMs from fields and markets or pharmacies ranged from 63 to 550 ng/g with a mean of 208 ng/g and 94 to 8683 ng/g with a mean of 1092 ng/g, respectively. The highest concentration was found in the Chrysanthemum from pharmacies. It indicates that the risk of inorganic As in CHMs to human health is higher in medicines from markets or pharmacies than that collected directly from fields. Some CHMs may make a considerable contribution to the human intake of inorganic arsenic.

The relationship between BMI and the prescription of anti-obesity medication according to social factors: a population cross sectional study

Background: Obesity is a global public health problem. There are a range of treatments available with varying short and long term success rates. One option is the use of anti-obesity medication the prescription of which has increased dramatically in recent years. Despite this, little is known about the individual and GP practice factors that influence the prescription of anti-obesity medication. Methods: Multi-level logistic regression analysis was used to investigate factors associated with the prescription of anti-obesity medication in Northern Ireland using a population primary care prescribing database (~1.5 million people aged 16+ years) during 2009/10. Results: While 25.0% of people are obese, only 1.3% (2.1% of females, 0.6% of males) received anti-obesity medication. The relationship between medication rates and age differed by gender (P < 0.001) with prescriptions higher in younger females and older males. Prescribing of anti-obesity medication reflected obesity prevalence across urban/rural areas and deprivation. There was an unexplained two-fold difference, between the 25th and 75th percentile, in the GP practice prescription of anti-obesity medication. Conclusions: There is evidence of relative under-prescribing in males compared to females despite a similar prevalence of obesity. While the prevalence (and presumably the health consequences) of obesity worsens with age, younger females are more likely to be prescribed anti-obesity medication. This suggests an element of patient demand. Educational material to improve the understanding of the role of anti-obesity medication, for patients and practitioners, is recommended. But further study is needed to understand the factors responsible for the variation in prescribing between GP practices.

The influence of high-temperature sintering on microstructure and mechanical properties of free-standing APS CeO-YO -ZrO coatings

In this study, ceria-yttria co-stabilized zirconia (CYSZ) free-standing coatings, deposited by air plasma spraying (APS), were isothermally annealed at 1315 °C in order to explore the effect of sintering on the microstructure and the mechanical properties (i.e., hardness and Young's modulus). To this aim, coating microstructure, before and after heat treatment, was analyzed using scanning electron microscopy, and image analysis was carried out in order to estimate porosity fraction. Moreover, Vickers microindentation and depth-sensing nanoindentation tests were performed in order to study the evolution of hardness and Young's modulus as a function of annealing time. The results showed that thermal aging of CYSZ coatings leads to noticeable microstructural modifications. Indeed, the healing of finer pores, interlamellar, and intralamellar microcracks was observed. In particular, the porosity fraction decreased from ~10 to ~5% after 50 h at 1315 °C. However, the X-ray diffraction analyses revealed that high phase stability was achieved, as no phase decomposition occurred after thermal aging. In turn, both the hardness and Young's modulus increased, in particular, the increase in stiffness (with respect to "as produced" samples) was equal to ~25%, whereas the hardness increased to up to ~60%. © 2010 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC.

Influence of embedded length on strength of BFRP rods bonded parallel to the grain in low grade timber by pullout-bending tests

Bonded-in rod connections in timber possess many desirable attributes in terms of efficiency, manufacture, performance, aesthetics and cost. In recent years research has been conducted on such connections using fibre reinforced polymers (FRPs) as an alternative to steel. This research programme investigates the pull-out capacity of Basalt FRP rods bonded-in in low grade Irish Sitka Spruce. Embedded length is thought to be the most influential variable contributing to pull- out capacity of bonded-in rods after rod diameter. Previous work has established an optimum embedded length of 15 times the hole diameter. However, this work only considered the effects of axial stress on the bond using a pull-compression testing system which may have given an artificially high pull out capacity as bending effects were neglected. A hinge system was utilised that allows the effects of bending force to be taken in to consideration along with axial forces in a pull-out test. This paper describes an experimental programme where such pull-bending tests were carried out on samples constructed of 12mm diameter BFRP bars with a 2mm glueline thickness and embedded lengths between 80mm and 280mm bonded-in to low-grade timber with an epoxy resin. Nine repetitions of each were tested. A clear increase in pull-out strength was found with increasing embedded length.

Influence of compressive loading on chloride ingress through concrete

Chloride-induced corrosion of steel in concrete is one of most important durability and safety concern for reinforced concrete structures. To study chloride ingress into concrete is thus very important. However, most of the researchers focus on the studying chloride ingress through concrete samples without any loading. In reality concrete structures are subjected to different kinds of loads and therefore studying the effect of such loads on chloride transport is critical. In this work, 28 different concrete mixes were subjected to three levels of compressive load (0%, 50% and 75% of compressive failure load – f) for 24 hours. Further to unloading, these samples were subjected to non-steady state chloride diffusion test as per NT Build 443. The results were compared against the diffusion coefficient obtained for concrete samples that had no previous loading. D value for concretes subjected to 75% f showed a significant increase compared to 0% loading condition, but the increase was insignificant for 50% f. The results indicate that the influence of concrete mixes variables on D is more significant than that of loading level. Surface chloride concentration also increased with the loading level, which might be due to the increased concrete surface area caused by micro cracking.

The influence of high air entry filter on the testing of unsaturated soils using the axis translation technique

Suction is an important stress variable that is required for reliable predictions of the likely performance of unsaturated soils. The axis translation technique is the best established method of measuring or controlling suction; however, the success of this application is heavily dependent on the rating of the high air entry filter (HAF) and how it is incorporated into the testing system. This paper reports some basic experiments in which samples of unsaturated kaolin were brought to saturation in stages using 5 bar and 15 bar HAFs. The results have shown that the water equilibrium in unsaturated soils is greatly affected by the rating of filters. The findings also suggest that the flow through unsaturated soils is not necessarily governed by the one-dimensional consolidation theory that was developed for saturated soils, and this may be attributed to the bimodal pore size distribution of unsaturated soils.

Influence of rheology on the quality of surface finish of cement-based mortars

Aesthetics of concrete structures is directly related to the quality of their surface finish. The objective of this investigation was to examine the effect of rheological properties of cement-based mortars on the quality of their surface finish. The study was divided into two phases. Firstly, the influence of the mix composition of mortars, viz. the water to cement (w/c) ratio, the sand content and the superplasticiser (SP) dosage on their rheology was evaluated. Secondly, the surface finish quality was characterised and related to the rheology of the studied systems. Rheology of these materials, i.e. the yield value, was measured using a vane viscometer. The quality of the surface finish was assessed by quantification of the surface air voids by analysing digital photographs of the mould finished sample surfaces. It was found that an increase in the w/c ratio and the SP content decreased the yield value, whilst the increase in the sand content had an opposite effect. When the surface quality is concerned, an increase in the yield value was found to increase the total content of the surface air voids and especially those with size smaller than 1 mm in diameter. Moreover, the analysis of the location of the surface air voids along the height of the sample revealed that with the increase in the yield value their concentration was higher in the bottom section of the analysed samples.

Potentially harmful excipients in neonatal medicines: A pan-European observational study

Objectives We aimed to describe administration of eight potentially harmful excipients of interest (EOI)-parabens, polysorbate 80, propylene glycol, benzoates, saccharin sodium, sorbitol, ethanol and benzalkonium chloride-to hospitalised neonates in Europe and to identify risk factors for exposure. Methods All medicines administered to neonates during 1 day with individual prescription and demographic data were registered in a web-based point prevalence study. Excipients were identified from the Summaries of Product Characteristics. Determinants of EOI administration (geographical region, gestational age (GA), active pharmaceutical ingredient, unit level and hospital teaching status) were identified using multivariable logistical regression analysis. Results Overall 89 neonatal units from 21 countries participated. Altogether 2095 prescriptions for 530 products administered to 726 neonates were recorded. EOI were found in 638 (31%) prescriptions and were administered to 456 (63%) neonates through a relatively small number of products (n=142; 27%). Parabens, found in 71 (13%) products administered to 313 (43%) neonates, were used most frequently. EOI administration varied by geographical region, GA and route of administration. Geographical region remained a significant determinant of the use of parabens, polysorbate 80, propylene glycol and saccharin sodium after adjustment for the potential covariates including anatomical therapeutic chemical class of the active ingredient. Conclusions European neonates receive a number of potentially harmful pharmaceutical excipients. Regional differences in EOI administration suggest that EOI-free products are available and provide the potential for substitution to avoid side effects of some excipients.

The influence of cyclosporin alone, or cyclosporin and methotrexate, on the incidence of mixed haematopoietic chimaerism following allogeneic sibling bone marrow transplantation for severe aplastic anaemia

We previously reported a randomized trial comparing Cyclosporin-A (CsA) and short-term methotrexate versus CsA alone for graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) prophylaxis in 71 patients undergoing allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) from a human leucocyte antigen-identical sibling for severe aplastic anaemia (SAA). We found a better survival in the group receiving the two-drug prophylaxis regimen with no significant difference in the probability of developing GvHD between the two groups. The present study details chimaeric analysis and its influence on survival and GvHD occurrence in 45 of the original 71 patients in whom serial samples were available. Analysis was carried out in a blinded prospective manner. Seventy-two per cent achieved complete donor chimaerism (DC), 11% stable mixed chimaerism (SMC) and 17% progressive mixed chimaerism (PMC). The overall 5-year survival probability was 82% (+/-11%) with a significant survival advantage (P = 0.0009) in DC or SMC compared to those with PMC. Chronic GvHD was more frequent in DC patients, whereas no patient with SMC developed chronic GvHD. Graft failure occurred in 50% of the PMC group. This study demonstrates the relevance of chimaerism analysis in patients receiving HSCT for SAA and confirms the occurrence of mixed chimaerism in a significant proportion of recipients.

Does mothers' postnatal depression influence the development of imitation?

Background: Links between mothers' postnatal depression (PND) and children's cognition have been identified in several samples, but the evidence is inconsistent. We hypothesized that PND may specifically interfere with infants' imitation, an early learning ability that features in early mother-infant interaction and is linked to memory, causal understanding and joint attention. 

Methods: A randomly controlled experiment on imitation was embedded into a longitudinal study of a representative sample of firstborn British infants, whose mothers were assessed for depression using the SCAN interview during pregnancy and at 6 months postpartum. At a mean of 12.8 months, 253 infants were presented with two imitation tasks that varied in difficulty, in counterbalanced order. 

Results: The infants of mothers who experienced PND were significantly less likely than other infants in the sample to imitate the modelled actions, showing a 72% reduction in the likelihood of imitation. The association with PND was not explained by sociodemographic adversity, or a history of depression during pregnancy or prior to conception. Mothers' references to infants' internal states during mother-infant interaction at 6 months facilitated imitation at 12 months, but did not explain the link with PND. 

Conclusions: The findings support the hypothesis that associations between PND and later cognitive outcomes may partly derive from effects of the mother's illness on infants' early learning abilities. Support for infants' learning should be considered as an age-appropriate, child-focused component of interventions designed to ameliorate the effects of PND.