Reconfiguring Older Bodies in the Prison Time Machine

It is by mapping an area that the geographer comes to understand the contours and formations of a place. The “place” in this case is the prison world. This article serves to map moments in prison demonstrating how “old” female bodies are performed under the prison gaze. In this article I will illustrate how older women subvert, negotiate, or invoke discourse as a means of reinscribing the normalizing discourses that serve to confine and define older women's experiences in prison. Female elders in prison become defined and confined by regimes of femininity and ageism. They have to endure symbolic and actual intrusions of physical privacy, which serve to remind them of what they were, where they are, and what they have become. This article will critically explore the complexity and contradictions of time use in prison and how they impact on embodied identities. By incorporating the voices of elders, I hope to draw out the contradictions and dilemmas which they experience, thereby illustrating the relationship between time, their involvement in doing time, and the performance of time in a total institution (see Goffman, 1961), and the relationship between temporality and existence. The stories of the women show how their identities are caught within the movement and motion of time and space, both in terms of the time of “the real” on the outside and within prison time. This is the in-between space of carceral time within which women live and which they negotiate. It is by being caught in this network of carceral time that they are constantly being “remade” as their body/performance of identities alters within it. While only a small percentage of the female prison population in the United Kingdom are in later life, one has to question why criminological and gerontological literature fail to address the needs of a growing significant minority.

Theoretical analysis on microwave heating of oil–water emulsions supported on ceramic, metallic or composite plates

A detailed theoretical analysis has been carried out to study efficient heating due to microwaves for one-dimensional (1D) oil–water emulsion samples placed on various ceramic, metallic (reflective) and ceramic–metallic composite supports. Two typical emulsion systems are considered such as oil-in-water (o/w) and water-in-oil (w/o). A preliminary study has been carried out via average power vs emulsion thickness diagram to estimate microwave power absorption within emulsion samples for various cases. The maxima in average power, also termed as ‘resonances’, are observed for specific emulsion thicknesses and the two consecutive resonances of significant magnitudes are termed as R1 and R2 modes. For both o/w and w/o emulsions, it is observed that microwave power absorption is enhanced in presence of metallic and composite supports during both R1 and R2 modes. The efficient heating strategies characterized by ‘large heating rates’ with ‘minimal thermal runaway’ i.e. uniform temperature distributions within the sample have been assessed for each type of emulsion. Based on the detailed spatial distributions of power and temperature for various cases, SiC-metallic composite support may be recommended as an optimal heating strategy for o/w samples with higher oil fractions (0.45) whereas metallic and Alumina-metallic composite supports may be favored for samples with smaller oil fractions (=0.3) during R1 mode. For w/o samples, SiC-metallic composite support may be suitable heating strategy for all ranges of water fractions during R1 mode. During R2 mode, metallic and Alumina-metallic composite supports are favored for both o/w and w/o emulsion samples. Current study recommends the efficient way to use microwaves in a single mode waveguide and the heating strategy can be suitably extended for heating of any other emulsions for which dielectric properties are easily measurable or available in the literature.

Geophysics and the search of freshwater bodies

Geophysics may assist scent dogs and divers in the search of water bodies for human and animal remains, contraband, weapons and explosives by surveying large areas rapidly and identifying targets or environmental hazards. The most commonly applied methods are described and evaluated for forensic searches. Seismic reflection or refraction and CHIRPS are useful for deep, openwater bodies and identifying large targets, yet limited in streams and ponds. The use of ground penetrating radar (GPR) onwater(WPR) is of limited use in deepwaters (over 20 m) but is advantageous in the search for non-metallic targets in small ditches and ponds. Largemetal or metal-bearing targets can be successfully imaged in deep waters by using towfish magnetometers: in shallow waters such a towfish cannot be used, so a non-metalliferous boat can carry a terrestrial magnetometer. Each device has its uses, depending on the target and location: unknown target make-up (e.g. a homicide victimwith or without a metal object) may be best located using a range ofmethods (the multi-proxy approach), depending on water depth. Geophysics may not definitively find the target, but can provide areas for elimination and detailed search by dogs and divers, saving time and effort.