Transmission loss allocation in a deregulated electrical energy market

This paper presents a new method for transmission loss allocation in a deregulated electrical power market. The proposed method is based on physical flow through transmission lines. The contributions of individual loads to the line flows are used as basis for allocating transmission losses to different loads. With minimum assumptions, that sound to be reasonable and cannot be rejected, a novel loss allocation formula is derived. The assumptions made are: a number of currents sharing a transmission line distribute themselves over the cross section in the same manner; that distribution causes the minimum possible power loss. Application of the proposed method is straightforward. It requires only a solved power flow and any simple algorithm for power flow tracing. Both active and reactive powers are considered in the loss allocation procedure. Results of application show the accuracy of the proposed method compared with the commonly used procedures.

The effect of H-2 and the presence of hot-O-(ads) during the decomposition of N2O on platinum

The decomposition of N2O was studied using a silica-supported Pt catalyst. The catalyst was found to exhibit short-lived activity at low temperatures to yield N-2 and O-(ads), the latter remained adsorbed on the surface and poisoned the active sites. Creation of hot-O-(ads) atoms during N2O decomposition is proposed to allow O-2 desorption at intermediate temperatures. Inclusion of H-2 as a reducing agent greatly enhanced the activity and suppressed low temperature deactivation. Simultaneous and sequential pulsing of N2O and H-2 showed that H-2 inclusion with the N2O gas stream produced the greatest activity. A mechanism involving H-(ads) addition to

The impact of equity markets and corporate governance on labour market flexibility

Drawing from various literatures, this article explores links between equity markets and labour market flexibility. Various data sources are used to test relationships for a set of OECD countries, controlling for other likely influences on flexibility such as government and industrial relations institutions. The results are generally supportive as regards employment flexibility: equity market trading activity is associated with shorter job tenure, higher activity rates, and greater employment change over the cycle. However, the relationship between equity markets and pay flexibility is less statistically robust to the addition of controls.