c-FLIP: A Key Regulator of Colorectal Cancer Cell Death

c-FLIP is an inhibitor of apoptosis mediated by the death receptors Fas, DR4 and DR5 and is expressed as long (c-FLIPL) and short (c-FLIPS) splice forms. We found that siRNA-mediated silencing of c-FLIP induced spontaneous apoptosis in a panel of p53 wild-type, mutant and null colorectal cancer (CRC) cell lines and that this apoptosis was mediated by caspase 8 and FADD. Further analyses indicated the involvement of DR5 and/or Fas (but not DR4) in regulating apoptosis induced by c-FLIP siRNA. Interestingly, these effects were not dependent on activation of DR5 or Fas by their ligands TRAIL and FasL. Overexpression of c-FLIPL, but not c-FLIPS, significantly decreased spontaneous and chemotherapy-induced apoptosis in HCT116 cells. Further analyses with splice form-specific siRNAs indicated that c-FLIPL was the more important splice form in regulating apoptosis in HCT116, H630 and LoVo cells, although specific knock down of c-FLIPS induced more apoptosis in the HT29 cell line. Importantly, intra-tumoral delivery of c-FLIP-targeted siRNA duplexes induced apoptosis and inhibited the growth of HCT116 xenografts in Balb/c SCID mice. In addition, the growth of c-FLIPL overexpressing CRC xenografts was more rapid than control xenografts, an effect that was significantly enhanced in the presence of chemotherapy. These results indicate that c-FLIP inhibits spontaneous death ligand-independent, death receptor-mediated apoptosis in CRC cells and that targeting c-FLIP may have therapeutic potential for the treatment of colorectal cancer.

The myeloproliferative disorder-associated JAK2 V617F mutant escapes negative regulation by suppressor of cytokine signaling 3

The somatic JAK2 valine-to-phenylalanine (V617F) mutation has been detected in up to 90% of patients with polycythemia and in a sizeable proportion of patients with other myeloproliferative disorders such as essential thrombocythemia and idiopathic myelofibrosis. Suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3) is known to be a strong negative regulator of erythropoietin (EPO) signaling through interaction with both the EPO receptor (EPOR) and JAK2. We report here that JAK2 V617F cannot be regulated and that its activation is actually potentiated in the presence of SOCS3. Instead of acting as a suppressor, SOCS3 enhanced the proliferation of cells expressing both JAK2 V617F and EPOR. Additionally, although SOCS1 and SOCS2 are degraded in the presence of JAK2 V617F, turnover of SOCS3 is inhibited by the JAK2 mutant kinase and this correlated with marked tyrosine phosphorylation of SOCS3 protein. We also observed constitutive tyrosine phosphorylation of SOCS3 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) derived from patients homozygous for the JAK2 V617F mutant. These findings suggest that the JAK2 V617F has overcome normal SOCS regulation by hyperphosphorylating SOCS3, rendering it unable to inhibit the mutant kinase. Thus, JAK2 V617F may even exploit SOCS3 to potentiate its myeloproliferative capacity.