Modeling energy consumption in error-prone IEEE 802.11-based wireless ad-hoc networks

In the IEEE 802.11 MAC layer protocol, there are different trade-off points between the number of nodes competing for the medium and the network capacity provided to them. There is also a trade-off between the wireless channel condition during the transmission period and the energy consumption of the nodes. Current approaches at modeling energy consumption in 802.11 based networks do not consider the influence of the channel condition on all types of frames (control and data) in the WLAN. Nor do they consider the effect on the different MAC and PHY schemes that can occur in 802.11 networks. In this paper, we investigate energy consumption corresponding to the number of competing nodes in IEEE 802.11's MAC and PHY layers in error-prone wireless channel conditions, and present a new energy consumption model. Analysis of the power consumed by each type of MAC and PHY over different bit error rates shows that the parameters in these layers play a critical role in determining the overall energy consumption of the ad-hoc network. The goal of this research is not only to compare the energy consumption using exact formulae in saturated IEEE 802.11-based DCF networks under varying numbers of competing nodes, but also, as the results show, to demonstrate that channel errors have a significant impact on the energy consumption.

Hydroisomerisation of n-alkanes over partially reduced MoO3: Promotion by CoAlPO-11 and relations to reaction mechanism and rate-determining step

The reaction mechanism and the rate-determining step (RDS) of the isomerisation of n-alkanes (C-4-C-6) over partially reduced MoO3 catalysts were studied through the effects of the addition of an alkene isomerisation catalyst (i.e. CoAlPO- 11). When an acidic CoAlPO- 11 sample was mechanically mixed with the MoO3, a decrease of the induction period and an increase of the steady-state conversion of n-butane to isobutane were observed. These data support previous assumptions that a bifunctional mechanism occurred over the partially reduced MoO3 (a complex nanoscale mixture of oxide-based phases) during n-butane isomerisation and that the RDS was the skeletal isomerisation of the linear butene intermediates. The only promotional effect of CoAlPO-11 on the activity of partially reduced MoO3 for C-5-C-6 alkane hydroisomerisation was a reduction of the induction period, as the RDS at steady-state conditions appeared to be dehydrogenation of the alkane in this case. However, lower yields of branched isomers were observed in this case, the reason of which is yet unclear. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Objective assessment of cardiopulmonary resuscitation skills of 10-11 year-old schoolchildren using two different external chest compression to ventilation ratios

Study which shows that 10-11 yr olds are capable of effective CPR after a single 2 hour training session using the ABC for Life programme. However they perfrom more effective CPR when using a ratio of 15:2 rather than 30:2 chest compressions : ventilations

Accurate available bandwidth estimation in IEEE 802.11-based ad hoc networks

Quality of Service (QoS) support in IEEE 802.11-based ad hoc networks relies on the networks’ ability to estimate the available bandwidth on a given link. However, no mechanism has been standardized to accurately evaluate this resource. This remains one of the main issues open to research in this field. This paper proposes an available bandwidth estimation approach which achieves more accurate estimation when compared to existing research. The proposed approach differentiates the channel busy caused by transmitting or receiving from that caused by carrier sensing, and thus improves the accuracy of estimating the overlap probability of two adjacent nodes’ idle time. Simulation results testify the improvement of this approach when compared with well known bandwidth estimation methods in the literature.

Biochemical characterization of arterivirus nonstructural protein 11 reveals the nidovirus-wide conservation of a replicative endoribonuclease

Nidoviruses (arteriviruses, coronaviruses, and roniviruses) are a phylogenetically compact but diverse group of positive-strand RNA viruses that includes important human and animal pathogens. Nidovirus RNA synthesis is mediated by a cytoplasmic membrane-associated replication/transcription complex that includes up to 16 viral nonstructural proteins (nsps), which carry common enzymatic activities, like the viral RNA polymerase, but also unusual and poorly understood RNA-processing functions. Of these, a conserved endoribonuclease (NendoU) is a major genetic marker that is unique to nidoviruses. NendoU activity was previously verified in vitro for the coronavirus nsp15, but not for any of its distantly related orthologs from other nidovirus lineages, like the arterivirus nsp11. Here, we show that the bacterially expressed nsp11 proteins of two arteriviruses, equine arteritis virus and porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus, possess pyrimidine-specific endoribonuclease activity. RNA cleavage was independent of divalent cations in vitro and was greatly reduced by replacement of residues previously implicated in catalysis. Comparative characterization of the NendoU activity in arteriviruses and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus revealed common and distinct features of their substrate requirements and reaction mechanism. Our data provide the first biochemical evidence of endoribonuclease activity associated with arterivirus nsp11 and support the conclusion that this remarkable RNA-processing enzyme, whose substrate in the infected cell remains to be identified, distinguishes nidoviruses from all other RNA viruses.

Rethinking available bandwidth estimation in IEEE 802.11-based ad hoc networks

This Letter rethinks the problems of available bandwidth estimation in IEEE 802.11-based ad hoc networks. The estimation accuracy is increased by improving the calculation accuracy that the probability for two adjacent nodes' idle periods toverlap (a key issue when estimating the available bandwidth in 802.11 networks)

Designing ionic liquids with boron cluster anions: alkylpyridinium and imidazolium [nido-C(2)B(9)H(11)] and [closo-CB(11)H(12)] carborane salts

A range of new alkylpyridinium and imidazolium carborane salts with [nido-C2B9H12](-), [closo-CB11H12](-), and [RC2B11H11](-) (R = methyl or butyl) anions have been prepared and characterized by physical and thermal methods, including the solid state structures of five of the salts determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction. The tendency of the salts to form low-melting ionic liquids has been assessed; all the salts studied with [nido-C2B9H12](-) anions melted below 100 degrees C and, significantly, have melting points that are 25-85 degrees C lower than those of the corresponding [closo-CB11H12](-) analogs, demonstrating that a wider range of boron-rich ionic liquid materials can be readily accessed.