alpha(1A)-adrenoceptors mediate sympathetically evoked pupillary dilation in rats

Evidence suggests that in some species (cats, rabbits, and possibly humans) alpha-adrenoceptors in the iris dilator muscle are "atypical" in that they cannot be readily classified by conventional criteria. This study was undertaken in an attempt to characterize the alpha-adrenoceptor subtype(s) mediating sympathetically elicited mydriasis in rats. Frequency-response pupillary dilator curves were generated by stimulation of the preganglionic cervical sympathetic nerve (1-32 Hz) in pentobarbital-anesthetized rats. Evoked responses were inhibited by systemic administration of nonselective alpha-adrenergic antagonists, phentolamine (0.3-10 mg/kg) and phenoxybenzamine (0.03-1 mg/kg). The selective alpha(1)-adrenergic antagonist, prazosin (0.01-1 mg/kg), also was effective, although alpha(2)-adrenergic antagonism with rauwolscine (0.1-1 mg/kg) was not. alpha(1A)-Adrenoceptor-selective antagonists, 2-([2,6-dimethoxyphenoxyethyl]aminomethyl)-1,4-benzodioxane (WB-4101; 0.1-1 mg/kg) and 5-methylurapidil (0.1-1 mg/kg), as well as the alpha(1D)-adrenoceptor-selective antagonist 8-[2-[4-(2-methoxyphenyl)-1-piperazinyl]ethyl]-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-7,9-dione (BMY-7378; 1-3 mg/kg), were used to determine the subtype(s) involved. Evoked mydriasis was significantly antagonized by both WB-4101 and 5-methylurapidil but not by BMY-7378. These results suggest that, unlike some other species, adrenoceptors in the rat iris dilator mediating neurogenic mydriasis are "typical" and, in addition, can be characterized as being primarily of the alpha(1A)-adrenoceptor subtype.

Mutations within subdomain II of the extracellular region of epidermal growth factor receptor selectively alter TGF alpha binding

The interactions of epidermal growth factor (EGF) and transforming growth factor alpha (TGF alpha) with the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) were examined by insertion mutagenesis of the receptor. Seventeen insertions were made throughout a construct containing only the extracellular domain. This truncated receptor (sEGFR) was secreted and had a dissociation constant similar to that of the full-length solubilized receptor. Receptors with insertions within subdomain III were not secreted. Two receptors with insertions at positions 291 and 474, which border subdomain III, have significantly decreased binding to both EGF and TGF alpha relative to wild type. This confirms previous work demonstrating that subdomain III forms the primary binding site for EGF and TGF alpha. Four of the mutants within subdomain II had a decreased binding to TGF alpha relative to wild type, but had wild type binding to EGF. These results suggest that a region within subdomain II may selectively regulate the binding of TGF alpha. Two receptors which contained insertions within subdomains II and IV, approximately equidistant from the center of subdomain III, bound twofold more ligand molecules than wild type receptor, with an affinity similar to that of wild type receptor. These findings suggest that insertion at these positions allows the access of more than one ligand molecule to the binding site.

Lactobacillus strains isolated from infant faeces possess potent inhibitory activity against intestinal alpha- and beta-glucosidases suggesting anti-diabetic potential

Purpose: Inhibitors of intestinal alpha-glucosidases are used therapeutically to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus. Bacteria such as Actinoplanes sp. naturally produce potent alpha-glucosidase inhibitor compounds, including the most widely available drug acarbose. It is not known whether lactic acid bacteria (LAB) colonising the human gut possess inhibitory potential against glucosidases. Hence, the study was undertaken to screen LABs having inherent alpha- and beta-glucosidase inhibitory potential. Methods: This study isolated, screened, identified and extracted Lactobacillus strains (Lb1–15) from human infant faecal samples determining their inhibitory activity against intestinal maltase, sucrase, lactase and amylase. Lactobacillus reference strains (Ref1–7), a Gram positive control (Ctrl1) and two Gram negative controls (Ctrl2–3), were also analysed to compare activity. Results: Faecal isolates were identified by DNA sequencing, with the majority identified as unique strains of Lactobacillus plantarum. Some strains (L. plantarum, L. fermentum, L. casei and L. rhamnosus) had potent and broad spectrum inhibitory activities (up to 89 %; p < 0.001; 500 mg/ml wet weight) comparable to acarbose (up to 88 %; p < 0.001; 30 mg/ml). Inhibitory activity was concentration-dependent and was freely available in the supernatant, and was not present in other bacterial genera (Bifidobacterium bifidum and Escherichia coli or Salmonella typhimurium). Interestingly, the potency and spectrum of inhibitory activity across strains of a single species (L. plantarum) differed substantially. Some Lactobacillus extracts had broader spectrum activities than acarbose, effectively inhibiting beta-glucosidase activity (lactase) as well as alpha-glucosidase activities (maltase, sucrase and amylase). Anti-diabetic potential was indicated by the fact that oral gavage with a L. rhamnosus extract (1 g/kg) was able to reduce glucose excursions (Area under curve; 22 %; p < 0.05) in rats during a carbohydrate challenge (starch; 2 g/kg). Conclusion: These results definitively demonstrate that Lactobacillus strains present in the human gut have alpha- and beta-glucosidase inhibitory activities and can reduce blood glucose responses in vivo. Although the potential use of LAB such as Lactobacillus as a dietary supplement, medicinal food or biotherapeutic for diabetes is uncertain, such an approach might offer advantages over drug therapies in terms of broader spectrum activities and fewer unpleasant side effects. Further characterisation of this bioactivity is warranted, and chronic studies should be undertaken in appropriate animal models or diabetic subjects.

In Vitro Release from Reverse Poloxamine/alpha-Cyclodextrin Matrices: Modelling and Comparison of Dissolution Profiles

Gels obtained by complexation of octablock star polyethylene oxide/polypropylene oxide copolymers (Tetronic 90R4) with -cyclodextrin (-CD) were evaluated as matrices for drug release. Both molecules are biocompatible so they can be potentially applied to drug delivery systems. Two different types of matrices of Tetronic 90R4 and -CD were evaluated: gels and tablets. These gels are capable to gelifying in situ and show sustained erosion kinetics in aqueous media. Tablets were prepared by freeze-drying and comprising the gels. Using these two different matrices, the release of two model molecules, L-tryptophan (Trp), and a protein, bovine serum albumin (BSA), was evaluated. The release profiles of these molecules from gels and tablets prove that they are suitable for sustained delivery. Mathematical models were applied to the release curves from tablets to elucidate the drug delivery mechanism. Good correlations were found for the fittings of the release curves to different equations. The results point that the release of Trp from different tablets is always governed by Fickian diffusion, whereas the release of BSA is governed by a combination of diffusion and tablet erosion. 

Evidence of plasma polarization shift of Ti He-alpha resonance line in high density laser produced plasmas

A spectroscopic study of the He-alpha (1s(2) S-1(0) - 1s2p P-1(1)) line emission (4749.73 eV) from high density plasma was conducted. The plasma was produced by irradiating Ti targets with intense (I approximate to 1x10(19) W/cm(2)), 400nm wavelength high contrast, short (45fs) p-polarized laser pulses at an angle of 45 degrees. A line shift up to 3.4 +/- 1.0 eV (1.9 +/- 0.55 m angstrom) was observed in the He-alpha line. The line width of the resonance line at FWHM was measured to be 12.1 +/- 0.6 eV (6.7 +/- 0.35 m angstrom). For comparison, we looked into the emission of the same spectral line from plasma produced by irradiating the same target with laser pulses of reduced intensities (approximate to 10(17) W/cm(2)): we observed a spectral shift of only 1.8 +/- 1.0 eV (0.9 +/- 0.55m angstrom) and the line-width measures up to 5.8 +/- 0.25 eV (2.7 +/- 0.35 m angstrom). These data provide evidence of plasma polarization shift of the Ti He-alpha line.

CHROMIUM(II)-MEDIATED CONVERSION OF ALPHA,BETA-UNSATURATED ALDEHYDES TO CYCLOPROPANOLS

Chromium(II) chloride converts alpha,beta-unsaturated aldehydes to the corresponding cyclopropanols.

Alpha particles induce pan-nuclear phosphorylation of H2AX in primary human lymphocytes mediated through ATM

The use of high linear energy transfer radiations in the form of carbon ions in heavy ion beam lines or alpha particles in new radionuclide treatments has increased substantially over the past decade and will continue to do so due to the favourable dose distributions they can offer versus conventional therapies. Previously it has been shown that exposure to heavy ions induces pan-nuclear phosphorylation of several DNA repair proteins such as H2AX and ATM in vitro. Here we describe similar effects of alpha particles on ex vivo irradiated primary human peripheral blood lymphocytes. Following alpha particle irradiation pan-nuclear phosphorylation of H2AX and ATM, but not DNA-PK and 53BP1, was observed throughout the nucleus. Inhibition of ATM, but not DNA-PK, resulted in the loss of pan-nuclear phosphorylation of H2AX in alpha particle irradiated lymphocytes. Pan-nuclear gamma-H2AX signal was rapidly lost over 24h at a much greater rate than foci loss. Surprisingly, pan-nuclear gamma-H2AX intensity was not dependent on the number of alpha particle induced double strand breaks, rather the number of alpha particles which had traversed the cell nucleus. This distinct fluence dependent damage signature of particle radiation is important in both the fields of radioprotection and clinical oncology in determining radionuclide biological dosimetry and may be indicative of patient response to new radionuclide cancer therapies.