Algunas consideraciones acerca de la espada de Guadalajara: ¿Un excepcional depósito desarticulado del Bronce Medio de la Meseta?

An exceptional gold-hilted sword, presumably from the province of Guadalajara, which today is kept in Madrid at the National Museum of Archaeology, has usually been treated as an isolated find. However, early references to this piece, when it was kept in the Rodriguez Bauza collection, would seem to indicate that it may have formed part of a hoard together with two other swords, one of which apparently can be associated with fragments of a second hilt-cover of gold sheet, acquired originally with the complete sword. Furthermore, during re-restoration of the first sword, traces left on its surface from at least two different hilts, demonstrated that the current gold-covered design has to be considered a secondary modification. While some Mycenean influence in the design of these weapons and their ornaments cannot be ruled out, for technical reasons a production on the Meseta at least of the gold sheets seems more likely than in the Southeast, where the ElArgarculture is usually more readily associated with the diffusion of Aegean elements.

Clinical trial designs for rare diseases: Studies developed and discussed by the International Rare Cancers Initiative

BACKGROUND: The past three decades have seen rapid improvements in the diagnosis and treatment of most cancers and the most important contributor has been research. Progress in rare cancers has been slower, not least because of the challenges of undertaking research.

SETTINGS: The International Rare Cancers Initiative (IRCI) is a partnership which aims to stimulate and facilitate the development of international clinical trials for patients with rare cancers. It is focused on interventional--usually randomized--clinical trials with the clear goal of improving outcomes for patients. The key challenges are organisational and methodological. A multi-disciplinary workshop to review the methods used in ICRI portfolio trials was held in Amsterdam in September 2013. Other as-yet unrealised methods were also discussed.

RESULTS: The IRCI trials are each presented to exemplify possible approaches to designing credible trials in rare cancers. Researchers may consider these for use in future trials and understand the choices made for each design.

INTERPRETATION: Trials can be designed using a wide array of possibilities. There is no 'one size fits all' solution. In order to make progress in the rare diseases, decisions to change practice will have to be based on less direct evidence from clinical trials than in more common diseases.