Neuropeptide Y (NPY) and NPY Y1 receptor in periodontal health and disease

Abstract
OBJECTIVES:
Neuropeptide Y (NPY) coordinates inflammation and bone metabolism which are central to the pathogenesis of periodontitis. The present study was designed to determine whether NPY was quantifiable in human gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and to test the null hypothesis that GCF levels of NPY were the same in periodontal health and disease. A subsidiary aim was to determine the potential functionality of released NPY by detecting the presence of NPY Y1 receptors in gingival tissue.
DESIGN:
The periodontitis group consisted of 20 subjects (10 females and 10 males) mean age 41.4 (S.D. 9.6 years). The control group comprised 20 subjects (10 females and 10 males) mean age 37.4 (S.D. 11.7 years). NPY levels in GCF were measured in periodontal health and disease by radioimmunoassay. NPY Y1 receptor expression in gingival tissue was determined by Western blotting of membrane protein extracts from healthy and inflamed gum.
RESULTS:
Healthy sites from control subjects had significantly higher levels of NPY than diseased sites from periodontitis subjects. NPY Y1 receptor protein was detected in both healthy and inflamed gingival tissue by Western blotting.
CONCLUSIONS:
The significantly elevated levels of NPY in GCF from healthy compared with periodontitis sites suggests a tonic role for NPY, the functionality of which is indicated by the presence of NPY Y1 receptors in local gingival tissue.

Neuropeptide YY1 receptor in human dental pulp cells of noncarious and carious teeth

Aim To determine the distribution of the NPY Y1 receptor in carious and noncarious human dental pulp tissue using immunohistochemistry. A subsidiary aim was to confirm the presence of the NPY Y1 protein product in membrane fractions of dental pulp tissue from carious and noncarious teeth using western blotting. Methodology Twenty two dental pulp samples were collected from carious and noncarious extracted teeth. Ten samples were processed for immunohistochemistry using a specific antibody to the NPY Y1 receptor. Twelve samples were used to obtain membrane extracts which were electrophoresed, blotted onto nitrocellulose and probed with NPY Y1 receptor antibody. Kruskal-Wallis one-way analysis of variance was employed to test for overall statistical differences between NPY Y1 levels in noncarious, moderately carious and grossly carious teeth. Results Neuropeptide Y Y1 receptor immunoreactivity was detected on the walls of blood vessels in pulp tissue from noncarious teeth. In carious teeth NPY Y1 immunoreactvity was observed on nerve fibres, blood vessels and inflammatory cells. Western blotting indicated the presence and confirmed the variability of NPY Y1 receptor protein expression in solubilised membrane preparations of human dental pulp tissue from carious and noncarious teeth. Conclusions Neuropeptide Y Y1 is expressed in human dental pulp tissue with evidence of increased expression in carious compared with noncarious teeth, suggesting a role for NPY Y1 in modulation of caries induced pulpal inflammation. © 2008 International Endodontic Journal.

Activation of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) by a novel metalloprotease pathway

Neutrophil Elastase (NE) is a pro-inflammatory protease present at higher than normal levels in the lung during inflammatory disease. NE regulates IL-8 production from airway epithelial cells and can activate both EGFR and TLR4. TACE/ADAM17 has been reported to trans-activate EGFR in response to NE. Here, using 16HBE14o-human bronchial epithelial cells we demonstrate a new mechanism by which NE regulates both of these events. A high molecular weight soluble metalloprotease activity detectable only in supernatants from NE-treated cells by gelatin and casein zymography was confirmed to be meprin alpha by Western immunoblotting. In vitro studies demonstrated the ability of NE to activate meprin alpha, which in turn could release soluble TGFa and induce IL-8 production from 16HBE14o- cells. These effects were abrogated by actinonin, a specific meprin inhibitor. NE-induced IL-8 expression was also inhibited by meprin alpha siRNA. Immunoprecipitation studies detected EGFR/TLR4 complexes in NE-stimulated cells overexpressing these receptors. Confocal studies confirmed colocalization of EGFR and TLR4 in 16HBE14o- cells stimulated with meprin alpha. NF?B was also activated via MyD88 in these cells by meprin alpha. In bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from NE knock-out mice infected intra-tracheally with Pseudomonas aeruginosa meprin alpha was significantly decreased compared with control mice, and was significantly increased and correlated with NE activity, in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from individuals with cystic fibrosis but not healthy controls. The data describe a previously unidentified lung metalloprotease meprin alpha, and its role in NE-induced EGFR and TLR4 activation and IL-8 production.

FKBPL regulates estrogen receptor signaling and determines response to endocrine therapy

The HSP90 chaperone and immunophilin FKBPL is an estrogen-responsive gene that interacts with estogen receptor a (ERa) and regulates its levels. In this study, we explored the effects of FKBPL on breast cancer proliferation. Breast cancer cells stably overexpressing FKBPL became dependent on estrogen for their growth and were dramatically more sensitive to the antiestrogens tamoxifen and fulvestrant, whereas FKBPL knockdown reverses this phenotype. FKBPL knockdown also decreased the levels of the cell cycle inhibitor p21WAF1 and increased ERa phosphorylation on Ser118 in response to 17ß-estradiol and tamoxifen. In support of the likelihood that these effects explained FKBPL-mediated cell growth inhibition and sensitivity to endocrine therapies, FKBPL expression was correlated with increased overall survival and distant metastasis-free survival in breast cancer patients. Our findings suggest that FKBPL may have prognostic value based on its impact on tumor proliferative capacity and sensitivity to endocrine therapies, which improve outcome.

SRIF receptor subtype expression and involvement in positive and negative contractile effects of somatostatin-14 (SRIF-14) in ventricular cardiomyocytes.

Background/Aims: Somatostatin-14 (SRIF-14), a neuropeptide co-stored with acetylcholine in the cardiac parasympathetic innervation, exerts both positive and negative influences directly on contraction of ventricular cardiomyocytes, indicative of involvement of more than one of five known SRIF (SSTR) receptor subtypes. The aim was to characterize receptor subtype expression in adult rat ventricular cardiomyocytes and to investigate the influence of a series of SRIF (SSTR) subtype-selective agonists on contractile parameters. Methods: mRNA and protein expression of each receptor subtype were quantified by RT-PCR and immunoblotting respectively; for contraction studies, cells were stimulated at 0.5 Hz under basal conditions and in the presence of isoprenaline (ISO, 10-8M). Results: all five SRIF (SSTR) receptor subtypes were expressed in cardiomyocytes although SRIF1A (SSTR2) and SRIF2A (SSTR1) were less abundant than the other subtypes. L803087 (10-8M), a SRIF2B (SSTR4) agonist, attenuated ISO-stimulated peak contractile amplitude and prolonged relaxation time (T50). L796778 (10-7M), a SRIF1C (SSTR3) agonist, augmented basal and ISO-stimulated peak contractile amplitude; L779976 (10-8M) and L817818 (10-9M), agonists at SRIF1A (SSTR2) and SRIF1B (SSTR5) receptors, respectively, also augmented ISO-stimulated peak amplitude. Conclusion: these data support involvement of SRIF2B (SSTR4) receptors in the negative contractile effects of SRIF-14, while one or more of the three SRIF1 receptor subtypes (SSTR2, 3 or 5) may contribute to the positive contractile effects of SRIF-14.

Suggested Binding Mechanism of the HIV-gp120 to its CD4 Receptor

The molecular recognition and attachment of the CD4 molecule and the HIV envelope glycoprotein (gp120) might be described as a consecutive three-step molecular recognition process. 1. (a) Long range interaction: electrostatic pre-orientation, 2. (b) short range interaction: electronic attachment followed by a ‘Locking-in’ (via aromatic ring orientation) and 3. (c) internal interaction (induced fit): conformational readjustment of the protein molecules. On the basis of the preliminary investigations (X-ray structures of CD4 and biological studies of CD4 and gp120 point mutants) we described a computational model. This approach consists of empirical calculations as well as ab initio level of quantum chemistry. The conformational analysis of the wild type and mutant CD4 molecules was supported by molecular mechanics and dynamics (Amber force field). The latter analysis involves the application of a novel method, the Amino Acid Conformation Assignment of Proteins (ACAP) software, developed for the notation of secondary protein structures. According to the cardinal role of the electrostatic factors during this interaction, several ab initio investigations were performed for better understanding of the recognition process on submolecular level. Using the above mentioned computational model, we could interpret the basic behaviours and predict some additional features of CD4-gp120 interaction, in spite of the missing gp120 X-ray structure.

The Yin and Yang of vitamin D receptor (VDR) signaling in neoplastic progression: Operational networks and tissue-specific growth control

Substantive evidence implicates vitamin D receptor (VDR) or its natural ligand 1a,25-(OH)2 D3 in modulation of tumor growth. However, both human and animal studies indicate tissue-specificity of effect. Epidemiological studies show both inverse and direct relationships between serum 25(OH)D levels and common solid cancers. VDR ablation affects carcinogen-induced tumorigenesis in a tissue-specific manner in model systems. Better understanding of the tissue-specificity of vitamin D-dependent molecular networks may provide insight into selective growth control by the seco-steroid, 1a,25-(OH)2 D3. This commentary considers complex factors that may influence the cell- or tissue-specificity of 1a,25-(OH)2 D3/VDR growth effects, including local synthesis, metabolism and transport of vitamin D and its metabolites, vitamin D receptor (VDR) expression and ligand-interactions, 1a,25-(OH)2 D3 genomic and non-genomic actions, Ca2+ flux, kinase activation, VDR interactions with activating and inhibitory vitamin D responsive elements (VDREs) within target gene promoters, VDR coregulator recruitment and differential effects on key downstream growth regulatory genes. We highlight some differences of VDR growth control relevant to colonic, esophageal, prostate, pancreatic and other cancers and assess the potential for development of selective prevention or treatment strategies.

Vitamin D Receptor Modulates the Neoplastic Phenotype Through Antagonistic Growth Regulatory Signals

Vitamin D receptor (VDR) can modulate functionally antagonistic growth regulatory pathways, involving beta-catenin/E-cadherin on one hand and osteopontin (OPN) on the other. This study investigates effects of VDR ligand treatment on the balance of these discordant signals and on associated cell behavior. Treatment of Rama 37 or SW480 cells by 1 alpha,25-(OH)(2) D-3 or analogs suppressed beta-catenin/Lef-1/Tcf signaling and upregulated E-cadherin, consistent with a cancer-inhibitory action. Conversely, treatment also increased transcription of OPN that may be implicated in tumor progression. Molecular crosstalk was observed between the antagonistic VDR-dependent signals, in that beta-catenin/Lef-1/Tcf molecules modulated VDR activation of OPN. Treatment effects on cell growth were related to a constitutive balance of OPN and E-cadherin expression. No growth effects were observed in Rama 37 cells that have low OPN and high E-cadherin expression. Conversely, treatment of Rama 37 stably transfected subclones that had high OPN and/or low level E-cadherin induced small but significant increases of cell attachment to fibronectin, anchorage-independent growth or invasion. This study shows that relative expression levels of key VDR downstream genes may influence growth regulation by 1 alpha,25-(OH)(2) D-3 or analogs. These findings may be relevant to the cell- or tissue-specificity of vitamin D growth regulation. (C) 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Pharmacology of transient receptor potential melastatin channels in the vasculature.

Mammalian transient receptor potential melastatin (TRPM) non-selective cation channels, the largest TRP subfamily, are widely expressed in excitable and non-excitable cells where they perform diverse functions ranging from detection of cold, taste, osmolarity, redox state and pH to control of Mg(2+) homeostasis and cell proliferation or death. Recently, TRPM gene expression has been identified in vascular smooth muscles with dominance of the TRPM8 channel. There has been in parallel considerable progress in decoding the functional roles of several TRPMs in the vasculature. This research on native cells is aided by the knowledge of the activation mechanisms and pharmacological properties of heterologously expressed TRPM subtypes. This paper summarizes the present state of knowledge of vascular TRPM channels and outlines several anticipated directions of future research in this area.

Functional Interleukin-17 Receptor A is Expressed in Central Nervous System Glia and Upregulated in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis

Background: Interleukin-17A (IL-17A) is the founding member of a novel family of inflammatory cytokines that plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of many autoimmune diseases, including multiple sclerosis (MS) and its animal model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). IL-17A signals through its receptor, IL-17RA, which is expressed in many peripheral tissues; however, expression of IL-17RA in the central nervous system (CNS) and its role in CNS inflammation are not well understood. Methods: EAE was induced in C57Bl/6 mice by immunization with myelin oligodendroglial glycoprotein. IL-17RA expression in the CNS was compared between control and EAE mice using RT-PCR, in situ hybridization, and immunohistochemistry. Cell-type specific expression was examined in isolated astrocytic and microglial cell cultures. Cytokine and chemokine production was measured in IL-17A treated cultures to evaluate the functional status of IL-17RA. Results: Here we report increased IL-17RA expression in the CNS of mice with EAE, and constitutive expression of functional IL-17RA in mouse CNS tissue. Specifically, astrocytes and microglia express IL-17RA in vitro, and IL-17A treatment induces biological responses in these cells, including significant upregulation of MCP-1, MCP-5, MIP-2 and KC chemokine secretion. Exogenous IL-17A does not significantly alter the expression of IL-17RA in glial cells, suggesting that upregulation of chemokines by glial cells is due to IL-17A signaling through constitutively expressed IL-17RA. Conclusion: IL-17RA expression is significantly increased in the CNS of mice with EAE compared to healthy mice, suggesting that IL-17RA signaling in glial cells can play an important role in autoimmune inflammation of the CNS and may be a potential pathway to target for therapeutic interventions. © 2009 Sarma et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.

Loss of the LAT adaptor converts antigen-responsive T cells into pathogenic effectors that function independently of the T cell receptor.

Despite compromised T cell antigen receptor (TCR) signaling, mice in which tyrosine 136 of the adaptor linker for activation of T cells (LAT) was constitutively mutated (Lat(Y136F) mice) accumulate CD4(+) T cells that trigger autoimmunity and inflammation. Here we show that equipping postthymic CD4(+) T cells with LATY136F molecules or rendering them deficient in LAT molecules triggers a lymphoproliferative disorder dependent on prior TCR engagement. Therefore, such disorders required neither faulty thymic T cell maturation nor LATY136F molecules. Unexpectedly, in CD4(+) T cells recently deprived of LAT, the proximal triggering module of the TCR induced a spectrum of protein tyrosine phosphorylation that largely overlapped the one observed in the presence of LAT. The fact that such LAT-independent signals result in lymphoproliferative disorders with excessive cytokine production demonstrates that LAT constitutes a key negative regulator of the triggering module and of the LAT-independent branches of the TCR signaling cassette.

Interleukin-4 and interleukin-4 soluble receptor α levels in bronchoalveolar lavage from children with asthma

Background: In asthma there is increased expression of the Th2-type cytokine interleukin-4 (IL-4). IL-4 is important in immunoglobulin isotype switching to immunoglobulin E and adhesion of eosinophils to endothelium.

Objectives: We hypothesized that levels of IL-4 in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid would be increased in stable, atopic asthmatic children compared with controls and that levels of its physiologic inhibitor IL-4 soluble receptor α (IL-4sRα) would be correspondingly decreased.

Methods: One hundred sixteen children attending a children's hospital for elective surgery were recruited. A nonbronchoscopic BAL was performed, and IL-4 and IL-4sRα were measured in the BAL supernatants.

Results: There was no significant difference in IL-4 concentrations between atopic asthmatic children, atopic normal controls, and nonatopic normal controls [0.13 pg/mL (0.13 to 0.87) vs 0.13 pg/mL (0.13 to 0.41) vs 0.13 pg/mL (0.13 to 0.5), P = 0.65]. IL-4sRα levels were significantly increased in asthmatic patients compared with atopic controls [6.4 pg/mL (5.0 to 25.5) vs 5.0 pg/mL (5.0 to 9.9), P = 0.018], but not when compared with the nonatopic controls [5.2 pg/mL (5.0 to 10.6), P = 0.19].

Conclusions: Contrary to expectation, IL-4sRα levels are increased in BAL from stable asthmatic children compared with nonatopic controls, and we speculate that IL-4sRα is released by inflammatory cells in the airways to limit the proinflammatory effects of IL-4.