Switching between molecular switch types by module rearrangement:Ca -enabled, H-driven 'off-on-off', H-driven YES and PASS 0 as well as H, Ca-driven AND logic operations

Several logic gates and switches can be accessed from two different combinations of a single set of fluorophore, receptor and spacer components.

Pattern Switching Compact Patch Antenna for On-body and Off-body Communications at 2.45 GHz

The ability to switch between propagating modes is important for body-centric applications such as medical body area networks where a single node may need to be able to optimise communications for either on-body sensor links or off-body links to the wider network. Therefore, we present a compact 2.45 GHz active mode-switching wearable antenna for both on-body and off-body wireless communications. The single-layer patch antenna was pattern-switched using shorting pins and had an impedance bandwidth of 253 MHz and 217 MHz for the on-body and off-body radiating modes, respectively. An efficiency of 57 % and 56.8 % was obtained for on-body and off-body mode respectively when placed in close proximity to a phantom that represents a muscle issue at 2.45 GHz.

Switched Diversity Techniques for Indoor Off-body Communications Channels: An Experimental Analysis and Modeling

This paper investigates the potential improvement in signal reliability for indoor off-body communications channels operating at 5.8 GHz using switched diversity techniques. In particular we investigate the performance of switch-and-stay combining (SSC), switch-and-examine combining (SEC) and switch-and-examine combining with post-examining selection (SECps) schemes which utilize multiple spatially separated antennas at the base station. During the measurements a test subject, wearing an antenna on his chest, performed a number of walking movements towards and then away from a uniform linear array. It was found that all of the considered diversity schemes provided a worthwhile signal improvement. However, the performance of the diversity systems varied according to the switching threshold that was adopted. To model the fading envelope observed at the output of each of the combiners, we have applied diversity specific equations developed under the assumption of Nakagami-$m$ fading. As a measure of the goodness-of-fit, the Kullback-Leibler divergence between the empirical and theoretical probability density functions (PDFs) was calculated and found to be close to 0. To assist with the interpretation of the goodness-of-fit achieved in this study, the standard deviation, $\sigma$, of a zero-mean, $\sigma^2$ variance Gaussian PDF used to approximate a zero-mean, unit variance Gaussian PDF is also presented. These were generally quite close to 1 indicating that the theoretical models provided an adequate fit to the measured data.

Run off Conditions on Rimming Power Law Fluids

The rimming ?ow of a power-law ?uid in the inner surface of a horizontal rotating cylinder is investigated. Exploiting the fact that the liquid layer is thin, the simplest lubrication theory is applied. The generalized run-off condition for the steady-state ?ow of the power-law liquid is derived. In the bounds implied by this condition, ?lm thickness admits a continuous solution. In the supercritical case when the mass of non-Newtonian liquid exceeds a certain value or the speed of rotation is less than an indicated limit, a discontinuous solution is possible and a hydraulic jump may occur in the steady-state regime. The location and height of the hydraulic jump for the power-law liquid is determined.

A switch in the cellular localization of macrophage migration inhibitory factor in the rat testis after ethane dimethane sulfonate treatment.

Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), one of the first cytokines to be discovered, has recently been localized to the Leydig cells in adult rat testes. In the following study, the response of MIF to Leydig cell ablation by the Leydig cell-specific toxin ethane dimethane sulfonate (EDS) was examined in adult male rats. Testicular MIF mRNA and protein in testicular interstitial fluid measured by ELISA and western blot were only marginally reduced by EDS treatment, in spite of the fact that the Leydig cells were completely destroyed within 7 days. Immunohistochemistry using an affinity-purified anti-mouse MIF antibody localized MIF exclusively to the Leydig cells in control testes. At 7 days post-EDS treatment, there were no MIF immunopositive Leydig cells in the interstitium, although distinct MIF immunostaining was observed in the seminiferous tubules, principally in Sertoli cells and residual cytoplasm, and some spermatogonia. A few peritubular and perivascular cells were also labelled at this time, which possibly represented mesenchymal Leydig cell precursors. At 14 and 21 days, Sertoli cell MIF immunoreactivity was observed in only a few tubule cross-sections, while some peritubular and perivascular mesenchymal cells and the re-populating immature Leydig cells were intensely labeled. At 28 days after EDS-treatment, the MIF immunostaining pattern was identical to that of untreated and control testes. The switch in the compartmentalization of MIF protein at 7 days after EDS-treatment was confirmed by western blot analysis of interstitial tissue and seminiferous tubules separated by mechanical dissection. These data establish that Leydig cell-depleted testes continue to produce MIF, and suggest the existence of a mechanism of compensatory cytokine production involving the Sertoli cells. This represents the first demonstration of a hitherto unsuspected pattern of cellular interaction between the Leydig cells and the seminiferous tubules which is consistent with an essential role for MIF in male testicular function.