Datos sobre la vegetación de fuentes y arroyos de aguas nacientes en las montañas de la cornisa vasco-cantábrica

El presente trabajo recoge los estudios realizados por los autores en las comunidades vegetales que pueblan las fuentes y arroyos de los pisos colino y montano en la región vasco-cantábrica. La relación de citas bibliográficas existentes anteriormente y la contrastación con estudios similares en otros puntos de la zona y regiones próximas. Se ha prestado mayor interés a aquellas comunidades helofíticas caracterizadas por la presencia de Soldanella villosa Darracq. notable endemismo vasco-cantábrico.

The Spanish social tariff and renewable energy cooperatives: situation and perspectives

Social tariffs are, along with transfer payments and energy efficiency measures, an instrument to alleviate energy poverty. The name of the Spanish social tariff is “bono social”, and it was established in 2009. To qualify for bono social, the electricity consumer should meet any of the socioeconomic requirements stipulated by law and contract the electricity supply with a “comercializadora de referencia”, companies that are required to offer the bono social by law.Renewable energy cooperatives, a recent phenomenon in Spain, are not comercializadoras de referencia, so they are not obliged to offer the bono social. This does not mean there are no cooperative members at risk of energy poverty or vulnerable consumers.This study has two objectives. The first is to sketch the socioeconomic profile of members of the renewable energy cooperatives. The second is to analyze if these members are entitled to the bono social, or would be to other subsidized prices with different requirements to those of the bono social.For this purpose, we conducted a survey to members of the largest renewable energy cooperative in Spain, Som Energia. The results show that the members of renewable energy cooperatives are exposed to energy poverty risk, although its reach depends on the definition of vulnerable consumer.