Commodification of health care systems: The Catalan case

Commodification of the public healthcare system has been a growing process in recent decades, especially in universal healthcare systems and in high-income countries like Spain.  There are substantial differences in the healthcare systems of each autonomous region of Spain, among which Catalonia is characterized by having a mixed healthcare system with complex partnerships and interactions between the public and private healthcare sectors.  Using a narrative review approach, this article addresses various aspects of the Catalan healthcare system, characterizing the privatization and commodification of health processes in Catalonia from a historical perspective with particular attention to recent legislative changes and austerity measures.  The article approximates, the eventual effects that commodification and austerity measures will have on the health of the population and on the structure, accessibility, effectiveness, equity and quality of healthcare services.

The Greek monetary system and its derivations over other ancient Mediterranean systems.

One of the main features of the Greek currency are the big differences between emissions of the polis, which did not match either in their iconographic message types, not even in the met-rical pattern of their values. These differences were reflected in exchange systems ruled by the main sanctuaries that shrines stipu-lated thus giving official status to change.