Summary of time requirements and potential improvements for Marine Recorder data entry.

The contract work has demonstrated that older data can be assessed and entered into the MR format. Older data has associated problems but is retrievable. The contract successfully imported all datasets as required. MNCR survey sheets fit well into the MR format. The data validation and verification process can be improved. A number of computerised short cuts can be suggested and the process made more intuitive. Such a move is vital if MR is to be adopted as a standard by the recording community both on a voluntary level and potentially by consultancies.

A Marine Environmental Recorder

An inexpensive Marine Environmental Recorder is described. The instrument system is small, lightweight and of low-power consumption. It is flexible, simple to operate and economical. It can be used remotely in a moored, buoyed or towed instrument system, recording measurements continuously for up to 24 h, or intermittently for 1 min every hour, for a period of up to 60 d. It has been used extensively in the Continuous Plankton Recorder and the Undulating Oceanographic Recorder to measure temperature, depth and occasionally chlorophyll and radiant energy; as a temperature recorder, it has a resolution of 0.1 Co, an uncertainty of measurement of ±0.1 Co and a stability of calibration within ±0.1 Co over a period of several months. With optional additional sensors for pitch, roll, vibration, acceleration and water-flow, the instrument system has been used to measure the performance of underwater towed vehicles and plankton samplers. The Marine Environmental Recorder is being incorporated into an instrument system in a data buoy, for automatically monitoring the marine environment in estuaries around the British Isles.

The North Pacific Continuous Plankton Recorder Survey

The Continuous Plankton Recorder (CPR) survey of the North Pacific is a PICES project now in its ninth year and facing an uncertain future. CPRs have been towed behind commercial ships along two (north–south and east–west) transects for a total of ~ nine times per year. Samples are collected with a filtering mesh and are then microscopically processed for plankton abundance in the laboratory. The survey, so far, has accumulated 3,648 processed samples (with approximately three times as many archived without processing), each representing 18 km of the transect (Fig. 1) and containing an abundance of data on over 290 phytoplankton and zooplankton taxa. A CTD with a fluorometer has been attached to the CPR sampling at the east–west transect in more recent years to provide supplementary environmental data.

The Continuous Plankton Recorder: towards a global perspective

The Continuous Plankton Recorder (CPR) began its first routine deployment to collect plankton samples in the North Sea in 1931. The better part of a century after that event, the Recorder is used for sampling plankton widely in many oceans. The CPR is designed to be towed behind ships of opportunity (such as commercial and passenger vessels) and to collect plankton samples along the ship’s path. The samples provide information on the broad scale spatial distributions of larger hard-shelled phytoplankton and robust mesozooplankton organisms (Richardson et al., 2006). Changes in these distributions provide indices for the biological health of the ocean including those required for fisheries and for assessment of climate change impacts.

Acquisition of continuous plankton recorder data

The Continuous Plankton Recorder has been deployed on a seasonal basis in the north Pacific since 2000, accumulating a database of abundance measurements for over 290 planktonic taxa in over 3,500 processed samples. There is an additional archive of over 10,000 samples available for further analyses. Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Trustee Council financial support has contributed to about half of this tally, through four projects funded since 2002. Time series of zooplankton variables for sub-regions of the survey area are presented together with abstracts of eight papers published using data from these projects. The time series covers a period when the dominant climate signal in the north Pacific, the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO), switched with unusual frequency between warm/positive states (pre-1999 and 2003-2006) and cool/negative states (1999-2002 and 2007). The CPR data suggest that cool negative years show higher biomass on the shelf and lower biomass in the open ocean, while the reverse is true in warm (PDO positive) years with lower shelf biomass (except 2005) and higher oceanic biomass. In addition, there was a delay in plankton increase on the Alaskan shelf in the colder spring of 2007, compared to the warmer springs of the preceding years. In warm years, smaller species of copepods which lack lipid reserves are also more common. Availability of the zooplankton prey to higher trophic levels (including those that society values highly) is therefore dependent on the timing of increase and peak abundance, ease of capture and nutritional value. Previously published studies using these data highlight the wide-ranging applicability of CPR data and include collaborative studies on; phenology in the key copepod species Neocalanus plumchrus, descriptions of distributions of decapod larvae and euphausiid species, the effects of hydrographic features such as mesoscale eddies and the North Pacific Current on plankton populations and a molecularbased investigation of macro-scale population structure in N. cristatus. The future funding situation is uncertain but the value of the data and studies so far accumulated is considerable and sets a strong foundation for further studies on plankton dynamics and interactions with higher trophic levels in the northern Gulf of Alaska.

Effects of formalin preservation on stable carbon and nitrogen isotope signatures in Calanoid copepods: implications for the use of Continuous Plankton Recorder Survey samples in stable isotope analyses

Preserved and archived organic material offers huge potential for the conduct of retrospective and long-term historical ecosystem reconstructions using stable isotope analyses, but because of isotopic exchange with preservatives the obtained values require validation. The Continuous Plankton Recorder (CPR) Survey is the most extensive long-term monitoring program for plankton communities worldwide and has utilised ships of opportunity to collect samples since 1931. To keep the samples intact for subsequent analysis, they are collected and preserved in formalin; however, previous studies have found that this may alter stable carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios in zooplankton. A maximum ~0.9‰ increase of δ15N and a time dependent maximum ~1.0‰ decrease of δ13C were observed when the copepod, Calanus helgolandicus, was experimentally exposed to two formalin preservatives for 12 months. Applying specific correction factors to δ15N and δ13C values for similarly preserved Calanoid species collected by the CPR Survey within 12 months of analysis may be appropriate to enable their use in stable isotope studies. The isotope values of samples stored frozen did not differ significantly from those of controls. Although the impact of formalin preservation was relatively small in this and other studies of marine zooplankton, changes in isotope signatures are not consistent across taxa, especially for δ15N, indicating that species-specific studies may be required. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Continuous Plankton Recorder Underestimates Zooplankton Abundance

A comparison between monthly mean ContinuousPlanktonRecorder (CPR) data and zooplankton data caught during winter and early spring with different sampling devices in the North Sea is presented to estimate the relative error in abundance of CPR measurements. CPR underestimates the abundance of zooplankton by a factor 25 during winter and early spring and by a factor 18 if Oithona spp. is not considered. This has serious implications for estimation of biomass as well as for modelling ecosystem dynamics.