Models and tools for an integrated European environmental management and decision support system, (IEEMDSS)

This work proceeds from the assumption that a European environmental information and communication system (EEICS) is already established. In the context of primary users (land-use planners, conservationists, and environmental researchers) we ask what use may be made of the EEICS for building models and tools which is of use in building decision support systems for the land-use planner. The complex task facing the next generation of environmental and forest modellers is described, and a range of relevant modelling approaches are reviewed. These include visualization and GIS; statistical tabulation and database SQL, MDA and OLAP methods. The major problem of noncomparability of the definitions and measures of forest area and timber volume is introduced and the possibility of a model-based solution is considered. The possibility of using an ambitious and challenging biogeochemical modelling approach to understanding and managing European forests sustainably is discussed. It is emphasised that all modern methodological disciplines must be brought to bear, and a heuristic hybrid modelling approach should be used so as to ensure that the benefits of practical empirical modelling approaches are utilised in addition to the scientifically well-founded and holistic ecosystem and environmental modelling. The data and information system required is likely to end up as a grid-based-framework because of the heavy use of computationally intensive model-based facilities.

Decision support systems for eco-friendly electronic products

This paper discusses an optimisation based decision support system and methodology for electronic packaging and product design and development which is capable of addressing in efficient manner specified environmental, reliability and cost requirements. A study which focuses on the design of a flip-chip package is presented. Different alternatives for the design of the flip-chip package are considered based on existing options for the applied underfill and volume of solder material used to form the interconnects. Variations in these design input parameters have simultaneous effect on package aspects such as cost, environmental impact and reliability. A decision system for the design of the flip-chip that uses numerical optimisation approach is used to identify the package optimal specification which satisfies the imposed requirements. The reliability aspect of interest is the fatigue of solder joints under thermal cycling. Transient nonlinear finite element analysis (FEA) is used to simulate the thermal fatigue damage in solder joints subject to thermal cycling. Simulation results are manipulated within design of experiments and response surface modelling framework to provide numerical model for reliability which can be used to quantify the package reliability. Assessment of the environmental impact of the package materials is performed by using so called Toxic Index (TI). In this paper we demonstrate the evaluation of the environmental impact only for underfill and lead-free solder materials. This evaluation is based on the amount of material per flip-chip package. Cost is the dominant factor in contemporary flip-chip packaging industry. In the optimisation based decision support system for the design of the flip-chip package, cost of materials which varies as a result of variations in the design parameters is considered.

Foundations for paramedic practice: a theoretical perspective

Written by leading paramedics and academic subject experts, with a foreword by Paul Bates, this is the first foundation level text to introduce the main theoretical subjects studied on the new higher education paramedic science programmes. It underpins practice and links ways of working to the crucial theory base. The numerous examples and case studies focus specifically on pre-hospital and emergency care. Key topics covered include: * NHS and ambulance service history * Ethics and law for the paramedic * Communication and reflective practice * Professional issues, including evidence-based practice, anti-discriminatory practice, clinical governance and clinical audit * Psychological perspectives on health and ill health * Safeguarding children * Sociological perspectives on health and ill health and social policy * Managing change and leadership theory * Continuing professional development The text prompts you to stop and think about what you have just read and relate this to your role. Throughout the book, the author carefully considers how the theory being discussed relates to the role of the ambulance clinician. Foundations for Paramedic Practice: A Theoretical Perspective is a core text for students of paramedic science and will also provide a valuable resource for students of allied health professions. This text provides a stepping stone to further reading and investigation. - Taken from the back cover of: Amanda Blaber - Foundations for paramedic practice: a theoretical perspective

Social policy for nurses and the helping professions

The book examines the relationship between welfare and health and includes discussion of key policy issues such as; changes in health care delivery, regulation of professionals, privatisation, welfare pluralism and the tackling of health and social inequalities. The significance of social policy in preventing ill health and disability, as well as supporting the sick and disabled people, is emphasised throughout the book.