Modelling electromagnetically levitated liquid droplet oscillations

This work comprises accurate computational analysis of levitated liquid droplet oscillations in AC and DC magnetic fields. The AC magnetic field interacting with the induced electric current within the liquid metal droplet generates intense fluid flow and the coupled free surface oscillations. The pseudo-spectral technique is used to solve the turbulent fluid flow equations for the continuously dynamically transformed axisymmetric fluid volume. The volume electromagnetic force distribution is updated with the shape and position change. We start with the ideal fluid test case for undamped Rayleigh frequency oscillations in the absence of gravity, and then add the viscous and the DC magnetic field damping. The oscillation frequency spectra are further analysed for droplets levitated against gravity in AC and DC magnetic fields at various combinations. In the extreme case electrically poorly conducting, diamagnetic droplet (water) levitation dynamics are simulated. Applications are aimed at pure electromagnetic material processing techniques and the material properties measurements in uncontaminated conditions.

AC and DC magnetic levitation: melting, fluid flow and oscillations

The presented numerical modelling for the magnetic levitation involves coupling of the electromagnetic field, liquid shape change, fluid velocities and the temperature field at every time step during the simulation in time evolution. Combination of the AC and DC magnetic fields can be used to achieve high temperature, stable levitation conditions. The oscillation frequency spectra are analysed for droplets levitated in AC and DC magnetic fields at various combinations. An electrically poorly conducting, diamagnetic droplet (e.g. water) can be stably levitated using the dia- and para-magnetic properties of the sample material in a high intensity, gradient DC field.

Numerical simulation of flow-induced cavity noise in self-sustained oscillations

The generation and near-field radiation of aerodynamic sound from a low-speed unsteady flow over a two-dimensional automobile door cavity is simulated by using a source-extraction-based coupling method. In the coupling procedure, the unsteady cavity flow field is first computed solving the Reynolds averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) equations. The radiated sound is then calculated by using a set of acoustic perturbation equations with acoustic source terms which are extracted from the time-dependent solutions of the unsteady flow. The aerodynamic and its resulting acoustic field are computed for the Reynolds number of 53,266 based on the base length of the cavity. The free stream flow velocity is taken to be 50.9m/s. As first stage of the numerical investigation of flow-induced cavity noise, laminar flow is assumed. The CFD solver is based on a cell-centered finite volume method. A dispersion-relation-preserving (DRP), optimized, fourth-order finite difference scheme with fully staggered-grid implementation is used in the acoustic solver

Droplet oscillations in high gradient magnetic field

In high intensity and high gradient magnetic fields the volumetric force on diamagnetic material, such as water, leads to conditions very similar to microgravity in a terrestrial laboratory. In principle, this opens the possibility to determine material properties of liquid samples without wall contact, even for electrically non-conducting materials. In contrast, AC field levitation is used for conductors, but then terrestrial conditions lead to turbulent flow driven by Lorentz forces. DC field damping of the flow is feasible and indeed practiced to allow property measurements. However, the AC/DC field combination acts preferentially on certain oscillation modes and leads to a shift in the droplet oscillation spectrum.What is the cause? A nonlinear spectral numerical model is presented, to address these problems

Levitated droplet oscillations: effect of internal flow

The numerical model for electrically conducting liquid droplets levitated in AC magnetic field is extended to demonstrate various factors affecting the accuracy of material property value measurements. The effects included are the electromagnetic force induced stirring and the resulting turbulence, thermo-capillary convection, and the droplet rotation. The results are validated against available analytical solutions.

Droplet oscillations in high gradient static magnetic field

In high intensity and high gradient magnetic fields the volumetric force on diamagnetic material, such as water, leads to conditions very similar to microgravity in a terrestrial laboratory. In principle, this opens the possibility to determine material properties of liquid samples without wall contact, even for electrically non-conducting materials. In contrast, AC field levitation is used for conductors, but then terrestrial conditions lead to turbulent flow driven by Lorentz forces. DC field damping of the flow is feasible and indeed practiced to allow property measurements. However, the AC/DC field combination acts preferentially on certain oscillation modes and leads to a shift in the droplet oscillation spectrum.What is the cause? A nonlinear spectral numerical model is presented, to address these problems.

Numerical algorithms for modelling electrodeposition: Tracking the deposition front under forced convection from megasonic agitation

Electrodeposition is a widely used technique for the fabrication of high aspect ratio microstructures. In recent years, much research has been focused within this area aiming to understand the physics behind the filling of high aspect ratio vias and trenches on substrates and in particular how they can be made without the formation of voids in the deposited material. This paper reports on the fundamental work towards the advancement of numerical algorithms that can predict the electrodeposition process in micron scaled features. Two different numerical approaches have been developed, which capture the motion of the deposition interface and 2-D simulations are presented for both methods under two deposition regimes: those where surface kinetics is governed by Ohm’s law and the Butler–Volmer equation, respectively. In the last part of this paper the modelling of acoustic forces and their subsequent impact on the deposition profile through convection is examined.

Levitated droplet oscillations: effect of internal flow

The numerical model for electrically conducting liquid droplets levitated in AC magnetic field is applied to demonstrate various factors affecting the accuracy of material property value measurements in microgravity conditions. The included effects are the electromagnetic force induced stirring and the resulting turbulence, the thermo-capillary convection, and the droplet rotation. The results are validated against available analytical solutions.