Narrating the archive and archiving narrative: the electronic book and the logic of the index

The creation of my hypermedia work Index of Love, which narrates a love story as an archive of moments, images and objects recollected, also articulated for me the potential of the book as electronic text. The book has always existed as both narrative and archive. Tables of contents and indexes allow the book to function simultaneously as linear narrative and non-linear, searchable database. The book therefore has more in common with the so-called 'new media' of the 21st century than it does with the dominant 20th century media of film, video and audiotape, whose logic and mode of distribution are resolutely linear. My thesis is that the non-linear logic of new media brings to the fore an aspect of the book - the index - whose potential for the production of narrative is only just beginning to be explored. When a reader/user accesses an electronic work, such as a website, via its menu, they simultaneously experience it as narrative and archive. The narrative journey taken is created through the menu choices made. Within the electronic book, therefore, the index (or menu) has the potential to function as more than just an analytical or navigational tool. It has the potential to become a creative, structuring device. This opens up new possibilities for the book, particularly as, in its paper based form, the book indexes factual work, but not fiction. In the electronic book, however, the index offers as rich a potential for fictional narratives as it does for factual volumes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flo/Stress: an integrated software module to predict stress in electronic products

Software technology that predicts stress in electronic systems and packages, developed as part of TCS Programme, is described. The software is closely integrated within a thermal design tool providing the ability to simulate the coupled effects of airflow, temperature and stress on product performance. This integrated approach to analysis will help decrease the number of design cycles.

Optimization and finite element analysis for reliable electronic packaging

This paper demonstrates a modeling and design approach that couples computational mechanics techniques with numerical optimisation and statistical models for virtual prototyping and testing in different application areas concerning reliability of eletronic packages. The integrated software modules provide a design engineer in the electronic manufacturing sector with fast design and process solutions by optimizing key parameters and taking into account complexity of certain operational conditions. The integrated modeling framework is obtained by coupling the multi-phsyics finite element framework - PHYSICA - with the numerical optimisation tool - VisualDOC into a fully automated design tool for solutions of electronic packaging problems. Response Surface Modeling Methodolgy and Design of Experiments statistical tools plus numerical optimisaiton techniques are demonstrated as a part of the modeling framework. Two different problems are discussed and solved using the integrated numerical FEM-Optimisation tool. First, an example of thermal management of an electronic package on a board is illustrated. Location of the device is optimized to ensure reduced junction temperature and stress in the die subject to certain cooling air profile and other heat dissipating active components. In the second example thermo-mechanical simulations of solder creep deformations are presented to predict flip-chip reliability and subsequently used to optimise the life-time of solder interconnects under thermal cycling.

Turbulence modelling and its effects on electronic systems

This paper presents simulated computational fluid dynamics (CFD) results for comparison against experimental data. The performance of four turbulence models has been assessed for electronic application areas considering both fluid flow and heat transfer phenomenon. CFD is vast becoming a powerful and almost essential tool for design, development and optimization in engineering problems. However turbulence models remain to be the key problem issue when tackling such flow phenomena. The reliability of CFD analysis depends heavily on the performance of the turbulence model employed together with the wall functions implemented. To be able to resolve the abrupt changes in the turbulent energy and other parameters near the wall a particularly fine mesh is necessary which unfortunately increases the computer storage capacity requirements. The objective of turbulence modelling is to enhance computational procdures of sufficient acccuracy and generality for engineers to anticipate the Reynolds stresses and the scalar transport terms.

Turbulence modelling for thermal management of electronic systems

The electronics industry is developing rapidly together with the increasingly complex problem of microelectronic equipment cooling. It has now become necessary for thermal design engineers to consider the problem of equipment cooling at some level. The use of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) for such investigations is fast becoming a powerful and almost essential tool for the design, development and optimisation of engineering applications. However turbulence models remain a key issue when tackling such flow phenomena. The reliability of CFD analysis depends heavily on the turbulence model employed together with the wall functions implemented. In order to resolve the abrupt fluctuations experienced by the turbulent energy and other parameters located at near wall regions and shear layers a particularly fine computational mesh is necessary which inevitably increases the computer storage and run-time requirements. This paper will discuss results from an investigation into the accuract of currently used turbulence models. Also a newly formulated transitional hybrid turbulence model will be introduced with comparisonsaagainst experimental data.

Collaborating components in mesh-based electronic packaging

From the model geometry creation to the model analysis, the stages in between such as mesh generation are the most manpower intensive phase in a mesh-based computational mechanics simulation process. On the other hand the model analysis is the most computing intensive phase. Advanced computational hardware and software have significantly reduced the computing time - and more importantly the trend is downward. With the kind of models envisaged coming, which are larger, more complex in geometry and modelling, and multiphysics, there is no clear trend that the manpower intensive phase is to decrease significantly in time - in the present way of operation it is more likely to increase with model complexity. In this paper we address this dilemma in collaborating components for models in electronic packaging application.

Computational modeling techniques for reliability of electronic components on printed circuit boards

This paper describes modeling technology and its use in providing data governing the assembly and subsequent reliability of electronic chip components on printed circuit boards (PCBs). Products, such as mobile phones, camcorders, intelligent displays, etc., are changing at a tremendous rate where newer technologies are being applied to satisfy the demands for smaller products with increased functionality. At ever decreasing dimensions, and increasing number of input/output connections, the design of these components, in terms of dimensions and materials used, is playing a key role in determining the reliability of the final assembly. Multiphysics modeling techniques are being adopted to predict a range of interacting physics-based phenomena associated with the manufacturing process. For example, heat transfer, solidification, marangoni fluid flow, void movement, and thermal-stress. The modeling techniques used are based on finite volume methods that are conservative and take advantage of being able to represent the physical domain using an unstructured mesh. These techniques are also used to provide data on thermal induced fatigue which is then mapped into product lifetime predictions.

Low Reynolds number turbulence models for accurate thermal simulations of electronic components

The electronics industry and the problems associated with the cooling of microelectronic equipment are developing rapidly. Thermal engineers now find it necessary to consider the complex area of equipment cooling at some level. This continually growing industry also faces heightened pressure from consumers to provide electronic product miniaturization, which in itself increases the demand for accurate thermal management predictions to assure product reliability. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is considered a powerful and almost essential tool for the design, development and optimization of engineering applications. CFD is now widely used within the electronics packaging design community to thermally characterize the performance of both the electronic component and system environment. This paper discusses CFD results for a large variety of investigated turbulence models. Comparison against experimental data illustrates the predictive accuracy of currently used models and highlights the growing demand for greater mathematical modelling accuracy with regards to thermal characterization. Also a newly formulated low Reynolds number (i.e. transitional) turbulence model is proposed with emphasis on hybrid techniques.

Turbulence modelling and its impact on CFD predictions for cooling of electronic components

This paper will discuss Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) results from an investigation into the accuracy of several turbulence models to predict air cooling for electronic packages and systems. Also new transitional turbulence models will be proposed with emphasis on hybrid techniques that use the k-ε model at an appropriate distance away from the wall and suitable models, with wall functions, near wall regions. A major proportion of heat emitted from electronic packages can be extracted by air cooling. This flow of air throughout an electronic system and the heat extracted is highly dependent on the nature of turbulence present in the flow. The use of CFD for such investigations is fast becoming a powerful and almost essential tool for the design, development and optimization of engineering applications. However turbulence models remain a key issue when tackling such flow phenomena. The reliability of CFD analysis depends heavily on the turbulence model employed together with the wall functions implemented. In order to resolve the abrupt fluctuations experienced by the turbulent energy and other parameters located at near wall regions and shear layers a particularly fine computational mesh is necessary which inevitably increases the computer storage and run-time requirements. The PHYSICA Finite Volume code was used for this investigation. With the exception of the k-ε and k-ω models which are available as standard within PHYSICA, all other turbulence models mentioned were implemented via the source code by the authors. The LVEL, LVEL CAP, Wolfshtein, k-ε, k-ω, SST and kε/kl models are described and compared with experimental data.

Accuracy of turbulence models and CFD for thermal characterisation of electronic systems

A major percentage of the heat emitted from electronic packages can be extracted by air cooling whether by means of natural or forced convection. This flow of air throughout an electronic system and the heat extracted is highly dependable on the nature of turbulence present in the flow field. This paper will discuss results from an investigation into the accuracy of turbulence models to predict air cooling for electronic packages and systems.

Response Surface Modeling and Optimisation for Reliable Electronic Products

The aim of integrating computational mechanics (FEA and CFD) and optimization tools is to speed up dramatically the design process in different application areas concerning reliability in electronic packaging. Design engineers in the electronics manufacturing sector may use these tools to predict key design parameters and configurations (i.e. material properties, product dimensions, design at PCB level. etc) that will guarantee the required product performance. In this paper a modeling strategy coupling computational mechanics techniques with numerical optimization is presented and demonstrated with two problems. The integrated modeling framework is obtained by coupling the multi-physics analysis tool PHYSICA - with the numerical optimization package - Visua/DOC into a fuJly automated design tool for applications in electronic packaging. Thermo-mechanical simulations of solder creep deformations are presented to predict flip-chip reliability and life-time under thermal cycling. Also a thermal management design based on multi-physics analysis with coupled thermal-flow-stress modeling is discussed. The Response Surface Modeling Approach in conjunction with Design of Experiments statistical tools is demonstrated and used subsequently by the numerical optimization techniques as a part of this modeling framework. Predictions for reliable electronic assemblies are achieved in an efficient and systematic manner.

Investigation into the performance of turbulence models for fluid flow and heat transfer phenomena in electronic applications

Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is gradually becoming a powerful and almost essential tool for the design, development and optimization of engineering applications. However the mathematical modelling of the erratic turbulent motion remains the key issue when tackling such flow phenomena. The reliability of CFD analysis depends heavily on the turbulence model employed together with the wall functions implemented. In order to resolve the abrupt changes in the turbulent energy and other parameters situated at near wall regions a particularly fine mesh is necessary which inevitably increases the computer storage and run-time requirements. Turbulence modelling can be considered to be one of the three key elements in CFD. Precise mathematical theories have evolved for the other two key elements, grid generation and algorithm development. The principal objective of turbulence modelling is to enhance computational procedures of efficient accuracy to reproduce the main structures of three dimensional fluid flows. The flow within an electronic system can be characterized as being in a transitional state due to the low velocities and relatively small dimensions encountered. This paper presents simulated CFD results for an investigation into the predictive capability of turbulence models when considering both fluid flow and heat transfer phenomena. Also a new two-layer hybrid kε / kl turbulence model for electronic application areas will be presented which holds the advantages of being cheap in terms of the computational mesh required and is also economical with regards to run-time.

Electronic packaging and reduction in modelling time using domain decomposition

The domain decomposition method is directed to electronic packaging simulation in this article. The objective is to address the entire simulation process chain, to alleviate user interactions where they are heavy to mechanization by component approach to streamline the model simulation process.