2 resultados para assault
em Duke University
Resumo:
<p>This dissertation examines the publication history of a single work: John Calvins 1552 Quatre sermons de M. Jehan Calvin traictans des matires fort utiles pour nostre temps, avec briefve exposition du Pseaume lxxxvii. Overlooked for both its contribution to Calvins wider corpus and its surprising popularity in English translation, successive editions of Quatre sermons display how Calvins argument against the behavior of so-called Nicodemites was adapted to various purposes unrelated to refuting religious dissimulation. The present study contributes to research in Calvins anti-Nicodemism by highlighting the fruitfulness of focusing on a discrete work and its reception. Borrowing a term (Newter) from John Fields 1579 translation of Quatre sermons, this studys title adumbrates its argument. English translators capitalized on the intrinsic malleability of a nameless and faceless opponent, the Nicodemite, and the adaptability of Quatre sermons genre as a collection of sermons to reshapeor, if you will, disfigureboth Calvins original foes and his case against them to advance various new agenda. Yet they were not the first to use the reformers sermons this way. They could have learned this from Calvin himself.</p><p>My examination of Quatre sermons opens by setting the work in the context of Calvins other writings and his political situation (Introduction, chapters one and two). Calvins unrelenting literary assault on French Nicodemism over three decades has long been recognized for its consistency and negativity. Yet scholars have tended to neglect how Calvins polemic against religious dissimulation could exhibit significant flexibility according to the needs of his context. Whereas Calvins preface promises simply to revisit his previous argument against participation in the Mass, his approach to Nicodemism in Quatre sermons seems adapted to accomplish goals beyond decrying false worship, offering a carefully-crafted apology for Calvins pastoral authority directed at his political situation. Repeatedly emphasizing Gods purpose to bless his children through the ministry of a rightly-ordered church, Quatre sermons marks a shift in Calvins anti-Nicodemite rhetoric away from purely negative critique, stressing instead Gods provision of spiritual nurture via political exile. Read in light of Calvins 1552 context, two audiences emerge: sermons ostensibly targeting believers in France who hid their faith also appear especially designed to silence Calvins foes in Geneva.</p><p>The remainder of the study examines the reception of Quatre sermons in the rapidly shifting religious and social contexts of Marian and Elizabethan England, where it appeared in more unique editions than any of Calvins writings besides the Institutio and the reformers 1542/45 Genevan Catechism. Calvins anti-Nicodemism has not been examined for its distinct contribution to the overall English reception of his thought. Five English versions of Quatre sermons appeared between 1553 and 1584four of these under a Protestant queen, a situation quite different from the French context Calvin addressed. After situating Calvins position within the currents of Tudor Protestant anti-Nicodemism (chapter three), I place each of the five translations in its particular context, investigating prefaces, appendices, marginalia, and translation methods to discover how and why individuals used Quatre sermons (chapters four to six). Like Calvin in 1552, those who brought Quatre sermons to English readers were not primarily concerned with Nicodemism. Rather, the malleability of Calvins Nicodemite as polemical opponent and the flexibility of Quatre sermons as a sequence of discrete, interrelated parts made it popular with those eager to press Calvin into the service of a variety of diverse goals he could not have imagined, including turning his anti-Nicodemism against fellow members of the English church.</p>
Resumo:
There is a national debate on how universities should respond to sexual assault, specifically the advantages and shortcomings of the campus adjudication Process. One major critique of university adjudication is that it does not provide the necessary due process rights to the accused and is therefore not fundamentally fair. This study seeks to assess this validity of this critique by seeing if sexual misconduct policies lack due process and if so, to what extent. This investigation is a comparative case study of 14 private higher education institutions, belonging to the Ivy Plus Society, analyzing their policy and procedure documents for indicators of due process. Findings show that schools are complying between 45% and 85% of due process indicators with an average of 65%. Colleges do lack due process rights and need to revise their policies and procedures to clearly present these rights. Key recommendations include guaranteeing a hearing procedure with impartial decision-makers and the opportunity to submit evidence and witnesses.
