4 resultados para Soil structure interaction
em Duke University
Resumo:
The full-scale base-isolated structure studied in this dissertation is the only base-isolated building in South Island of New Zealand. It sustained hundreds of earthquake ground motions from September 2010 and well into 2012. Several large earthquake responses were recorded in December 2011 by NEES@UCLA and by GeoNet recording station nearby Christchurch Women's Hospital. The primary focus of this dissertation is to advance the state-of-the art of the methods to evaluate performance of seismic-isolated structures and the effects of soil-structure interaction by developing new data processing methodologies to overcome current limitations and by implementing advanced numerical modeling in OpenSees for direct analysis of soil-structure interaction.
This dissertation presents a novel method for recovering force-displacement relations within the isolators of building structures with unknown nonlinearities from sparse seismic-response measurements of floor accelerations. The method requires only direct matrix calculations (factorizations and multiplications); no iterative trial-and-error methods are required. The method requires a mass matrix, or at least an estimate of the floor masses. A stiffness matrix may be used, but is not necessary. Essentially, the method operates on a matrix of incomplete measurements of floor accelerations. In the special case of complete floor measurements of systems with linear dynamics, real modes, and equal floor masses, the principal components of this matrix are the modal responses. In the more general case of partial measurements and nonlinear dynamics, the method extracts a number of linearly-dependent components from Hankel matrices of measured horizontal response accelerations, assembles these components row-wise and extracts principal components from the singular value decomposition of this large matrix of linearly-dependent components. These principal components are then interpolated between floors in a way that minimizes the curvature energy of the interpolation. This interpolation step can make use of a reduced-order stiffness matrix, a backward difference matrix or a central difference matrix. The measured and interpolated floor acceleration components at all floors are then assembled and multiplied by a mass matrix. The recovered in-service force-displacement relations are then incorporated into the OpenSees soil structure interaction model.
Numerical simulations of soil-structure interaction involving non-uniform soil behavior are conducted following the development of the complete soil-structure interaction model of Christchurch Women's Hospital in OpenSees. In these 2D OpenSees models, the superstructure is modeled as two-dimensional frames in short span and long span respectively. The lead rubber bearings are modeled as elastomeric bearing (Bouc Wen) elements. The soil underlying the concrete raft foundation is modeled with linear elastic plane strain quadrilateral element. The non-uniformity of the soil profile is incorporated by extraction and interpolation of shear wave velocity profile from the Canterbury Geotechnical Database. The validity of the complete two-dimensional soil-structure interaction OpenSees model for the hospital is checked by comparing the results of peak floor responses and force-displacement relations within the isolation system achieved from OpenSees simulations to the recorded measurements. General explanations and implications, supported by displacement drifts, floor acceleration and displacement responses, force-displacement relations are described to address the effects of soil-structure interaction.
A New Method for Modeling Free Surface Flows and Fluid-structure Interaction with Ocean Applications
Resumo:
The computational modeling of ocean waves and ocean-faring devices poses numerous challenges. Among these are the need to stably and accurately represent both the fluid-fluid interface between water and air as well as the fluid-structure interfaces arising between solid devices and one or more fluids. As techniques are developed to stably and accurately balance the interactions between fluid and structural solvers at these boundaries, a similarly pressing challenge is the development of algorithms that are massively scalable and capable of performing large-scale three-dimensional simulations on reasonable time scales. This dissertation introduces two separate methods for approaching this problem, with the first focusing on the development of sophisticated fluid-fluid interface representations and the second focusing primarily on scalability and extensibility to higher-order methods.
We begin by introducing the narrow-band gradient-augmented level set method (GALSM) for incompressible multiphase Navier-Stokes flow. This is the first use of the high-order GALSM for a fluid flow application, and its reliability and accuracy in modeling ocean environments is tested extensively. The method demonstrates numerous advantages over the traditional level set method, among these a heightened conservation of fluid volume and the representation of subgrid structures.
Next, we present a finite-volume algorithm for solving the incompressible Euler equations in two and three dimensions in the presence of a flow-driven free surface and a dynamic rigid body. In this development, the chief concerns are efficiency, scalability, and extensibility (to higher-order and truly conservative methods). These priorities informed a number of important choices: The air phase is substituted by a pressure boundary condition in order to greatly reduce the size of the computational domain, a cut-cell finite-volume approach is chosen in order to minimize fluid volume loss and open the door to higher-order methods, and adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) is employed to focus computational effort and make large-scale 3D simulations possible. This algorithm is shown to produce robust and accurate results that are well-suited for the study of ocean waves and the development of wave energy conversion (WEC) devices.
Resumo:
Terrestrial ecosystems, occupying more than 25% of the Earth's surface, can serve as
`biological valves' in regulating the anthropogenic emissions of atmospheric aerosol
particles and greenhouse gases (GHGs) as responses to their surrounding environments.
While the signicance of quantifying the exchange rates of GHGs and atmospheric
aerosol particles between the terrestrial biosphere and the atmosphere is
hardly questioned in many scientic elds, the progress in improving model predictability,
data interpretation or the combination of the two remains impeded by
the lack of precise framework elucidating their dynamic transport processes over a
wide range of spatiotemporal scales. The diculty in developing prognostic modeling
tools to quantify the source or sink strength of these atmospheric substances
can be further magnied by the fact that the climate system is also sensitive to the
feedback from terrestrial ecosystems forming the so-called `feedback cycle'. Hence,
the emergent need is to reduce uncertainties when assessing this complex and dynamic
feedback cycle that is necessary to support the decisions of mitigation and
adaptation policies associated with human activities (e.g., anthropogenic emission
controls and land use managements) under current and future climate regimes.
With the goal to improve the predictions for the biosphere-atmosphere exchange
of biologically active gases and atmospheric aerosol particles, the main focus of this
dissertation is on revising and up-scaling the biotic and abiotic transport processes
from leaf to canopy scales. The validity of previous modeling studies in determining
iv
the exchange rate of gases and particles is evaluated with detailed descriptions of their
limitations. Mechanistic-based modeling approaches along with empirical studies
across dierent scales are employed to rene the mathematical descriptions of surface
conductance responsible for gas and particle exchanges as commonly adopted by all
operational models. Specically, how variation in horizontal leaf area density within
the vegetated medium, leaf size and leaf microroughness impact the aerodynamic attributes
and thereby the ultrane particle collection eciency at the leaf/branch scale
is explored using wind tunnel experiments with interpretations by a porous media
model and a scaling analysis. A multi-layered and size-resolved second-order closure
model combined with particle
uxes and concentration measurements within and
above a forest is used to explore the particle transport processes within the canopy
sub-layer and the partitioning of particle deposition onto canopy medium and forest
oor. For gases, a modeling framework accounting for the leaf-level boundary layer
eects on the stomatal pathway for gas exchange is proposed and combined with sap
ux measurements in a wind tunnel to assess how leaf-level transpiration varies with
increasing wind speed. How exogenous environmental conditions and endogenous
soil-root-stem-leaf hydraulic and eco-physiological properties impact the above- and
below-ground water dynamics in the soil-plant system and shape plant responses
to droughts is assessed by a porous media model that accommodates the transient
water
ow within the plant vascular system and is coupled with the aforementioned
leaf-level gas exchange model and soil-root interaction model. It should be noted
that tackling all aspects of potential issues causing uncertainties in forecasting the
feedback cycle between terrestrial ecosystem and the climate is unrealistic in a single
dissertation but further research questions and opportunities based on the foundation
derived from this dissertation are also brie
y discussed.
Resumo:
Genes can maintain spatiotemporal expression patterns by long-range interactions between cis-acting elements. The cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator gene (CFTR) is expressed primarily in epithelial cells. An element located within a DNase I-hypersensitive site (DHS) 10 kb into the first intron was previously shown to augment CFTR promoter activity in a tissue-specific manner. Here, we reveal the mechanism by which this element influences CFTR transcription. We employed a high-resolution method of mapping DHS using tiled microarrays to accurately locate the intron 1 DHS. Transfection of promoter-reporter constructs demonstrated that the element displays classical tissue-specific enhancer properties and can independently recruit factors necessary for transcription initiation. In vitro DNase I footprinting analysis identified a protected region that corresponds to a conserved, predicted binding site for hepatocyte nuclear factor 1 (HNF1). We demonstrate by electromobility shift assays (EMSA) and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) that HNF1 binds to this element both in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, using chromosome conformation capture (3C) analysis, we show that this element interacts with the CFTR promoter in CFTR-expressing cells. These data provide the first insight into the three- dimensional (3D) structure of the CFTR locus and confirm the contribution of intronic cis-acting elements to the regulation of CFTR gene expression.