A prochelator activated by beta-secretase inhibits Abeta aggregation and suppresses copper-induced reactive oxygen species formation.

The intersection of the amyloid cascade hypothesis and the implication of metal ions in Alzheimer's disease progression has sparked an interest in using metal-binding compounds as potential therapeutic agents. In the present work, we describe a prochelator SWH that is enzymatically activated by beta-secretase to produce a high affinity copper chelator CP. Because beta-secretase is responsible for the amyloidogenic processing of the amyloid precursor protein, this prochelator strategy imparts disease specificity toward copper chelation not possible with general metal chelators. Furthermore, once activated, CP efficiently sequesters copper from amyloid-beta, prevents and disassembles copper-induced amyloid-beta aggregation, and diminishes copper-promoted reactive oxygen species formation.

Plasmonic Nanoparticles and Nanowires: Design, Fabrication and Application in Sensing.

This study involves two aspects of our investigations of plasmonics-active systems: (i) theoretical and simulation studies and (ii) experimental fabrication of plasmonics-active nanostructures. Two types of nanostructures are selected as the model systems for their unique plasmonics properties: (1) nanoparticles and (2) nanowires on substrate. Special focus is devoted to regions where the electromagnetic field is strongly concentrated by the metallic nanostructures or between nanostructures. The theoretical investigations deal with dimers of nanoparticles and nanoshells using a semi-analytical method based on a multipole expansion (ME) and the finite-element method (FEM) in order to determine the electromagnetic enhancement, especially at the interface areas of two adjacent nanoparticles. The experimental study involves the design of plasmonics-active nanowire arrays on substrates that can provide efficient electromagnetic enhancement in regions around and between the nanostructures. Fabrication of these nanowire structures over large chip-scale areas (from a few millimeters to a few centimeters) as well as FDTD simulations to estimate the EM fields between the nanowires are described. The application of these nanowire chips using surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) for detection of chemicals and labeled DNA molecules is described to illustrate the potential of the plasmonics chips for sensing.

Coordination of platinum therapeutic agents to met-rich motifs of human copper transport protein1.

Platinum therapeutic agents are widely used in the treatment of several forms of cancer. Various mechanisms for the transport of the drugs have been proposed including passive diffusion across the cellular membrane and active transport via proteins. The copper transport protein Ctr1 is responsible for high affinity copper uptake but has also been implicated in the transport of cisplatin into cells. Human hCtr1 contains two methionine-rich Mets motifs on its extracellular N-terminus that are potential platinum-binding sites: the first one encompasses residues 7-14 with amino acid sequence Met-Gly-Met-Ser-Tyr-Met-Asp-Ser and the second one spans residues 39-46 with sequence Met-Met-Met-Met-Pro-Met-Thr-Phe. In these studies, we use liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry to compare the binding interactions between cisplatin, carboplatin and oxaliplatin with synthetic peptides corresponding to hCtr1 Mets motifs. The interactions of cisplatin and carboplatin with Met-rich motifs that contain three or more methionines result in removal of the carrier ligands of both platinum complexes. In contrast, oxaliplatin retains its cyclohexyldiamine ligand upon platinum coordination to the peptide.

Development of Stimulus-Responsive Ligands for the Modulation of Copper and Iron Coordination

The ability to manipulate the coordination chemistry of metal ions has significant ramifications for the study and treatment of metal-related health concerns, including iron overload, UV skin damage, and microbial infection among many other conditions. To address this concern, chelating agents that change their metal binding characteristics in response to external stimuli have been synthesized and characterized by several spectroscopic and chromatographic analytical methods. The primary stimuli of interest for this work are light and hydrogen peroxide.

Herein we report the previously unrecognized photochemistry of aroylhydrazone metal chelator ((E)-N′-[1-(2-hydroxyphenyl)ethyliden]isonicotinoylhydrazide) (HAPI) and its relation to HAPI metal binding properties. Based on promising initial results, a series of HAPI analogues was prepared to probe the structure-function relationships of aroylhydrazone photochemistry. These efforts elucidate the tunable nature of several aroylhydrazone photoswitching properties.

Ongoing efforts in this laboratory seek to develop compounds called prochelators that exhibit a switch from low to high metal binding affinity upon activation by a stimulus of interest. In this context, we present new strategies to install multiple desired functions into a single structure. The prochelator 2-((E)-1-(2-isonicotinoylhydrazono)ethyl)phenyl (E)-3-(2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acrylate (PC-HAPI) is masked with a photolabile trans-cinnamic acid protecting group that releases umbelliferone, a UV-absorbing, antioxidant coumarin along with a chelating agent upon UV irradiation. In addition to the antioxidant effects of the coumarin, the released chelator (HAPI) inhibits metal-catalyzed production of damaging reactive oxygen species. Finally a peroxide-sensitive prochelator quinolin-8-yl (Z)-3-(4-hydroxy-2-((4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)benzyl)oxy)phenyl)acrylate (BCQ) has been prepared using a novel synthetic route for functionalized cis-cinnamate esters. BCQ uses a novel masking strategy to trigger a 90-fold increase in fluorescence emission, along with the release of a desired chelator, in the presence of hydrogen peroxide.

Copper signaling axis as a target for prostate cancer therapeutics.

Previously published reports indicate that serum copper levels are elevated in patients with prostate cancer and that increased copper uptake can be used as a means to image prostate tumors. It is unclear, however, to what extent copper is required for prostate cancer cell function as we observed only modest effects of chelation strategies on the growth of these cells in vitro. With the goal of exploiting prostate cancer cell proclivity for copper uptake, we developed a "conditional lethal" screen to identify compounds whose cytotoxic actions were manifested in a copper-dependent manner. Emerging from this screen was a series of dithiocarbamates, which, when complexed with copper, induced reactive oxygen species-dependent apoptosis of malignant, but not normal, prostate cells. One of the dithiocarbamates identified, disulfiram (DSF), is an FDA-approved drug that has previously yielded disappointing results in clinical trials in patients with recurrent prostate cancer. Similarly, in our studies, DSF alone had a minimal effect on the growth of prostate cancer tumors when propagated as xenografts. However, when DSF was coadministered with copper, a very dramatic inhibition of tumor growth in models of hormone-sensitive and of castrate-resistant disease was observed. Furthermore, we determined that prostate cancer cells express high levels of CTR1, the primary copper transporter, and additional chaperones that are required to maintain intracellular copper homeostasis. The expression levels of most of these proteins are increased further upon treatment of androgen receptor (AR)-positive prostate cancer cell lines with androgens. Not surprisingly, robust CTR1-dependent uptake of copper into prostate cancer cells was observed, an activity that was accentuated by activation of AR. Given these data linking AR to intracellular copper uptake, we believe that dithiocarbamate/copper complexes are likely to be effective for the treatment of patients with prostate cancer whose disease is resistant to classical androgen ablation therapies.