Spirocamallanus cricotus sp. n. and S. halitrophus sp. n. (Nematoda: Camallanidea) from Fishes in the Northern Gulf of Mexico

Spirocamallanus cricotus sp. n. (= S. pereirai, in part) and S. halitrophus sp. n. are described from marine fishes of the northern Gull of Mexico. Spirocamallanus cricotus has a ledge anterior to the basal ring in the buccal capsule, similar spicules with a ratio of 1:1.4 to 2.1, 3 pre- and 5 postcloacal papillae, and 8 rectal glands in the female; S. halitrophus lacks the ledge and possesses dissimilar spicules with a ratio of 1:1.3 to 1.8, 3 pre- and 6 postcloacal papillae, and 4 rectal glands in the female.

Iptakalim: A Potential Antipsychotic Drug with Novel Mechanisms?

Iptakalim is a novel putative adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-sensitive potassium (KATP) channel opener. In the brain, iptakalim is thought to act on the neuronal and astrocytic plasma membrane and/or mitochondrial KATP channels. Because iptakalim demonstrates an action on the regulation of dopamine and glutamate release in the forebrain regions, we examined its potential antipsychotic efficacy in several preclinical tests. First, we show that iptakalim is effective in reducing amphetamine- and phencyclidine-induced hyperlocomotion as well as selectively disrupting conditioned avoidance responding. Next, we show that combined iptakalim and amphetamine treatment produces a reduction on prepulse inhibition of acoustic startle and this combined drug effect is also found with haloperidol, but not with clozapine. Finally, we show that iptakalim and clozapine preferentially increase c-Fos expression in the medial prefrontal cortex, nucleus accumbens and lateral septal nucleus, whereas haloperidol induces a greater increase in the nucleus accumbens, the dorsolateral striatum and lateral septal nucleus. Collectively, our findings indicate that iptakalim is likely to be a potential antipsychotic drug with distinct mechanisms of action. This study also suggests that neuronal and astrocytic plasma membrane and/or mitochondrial KATP channels may be a novel target that deserves attention for antipsychotic drug development. Future research using other sensitive tests is needed to confirm this property of iptakalim.