A load-balancing spare capacity reallocation approach in service-rich SONET metro mesh networks

The next-generation SONET metro network is evolving into a service-rich infrastructure. At the edge of such a network, multi-service provisioning platforms (MSPPs) provide efficient data mapping enabled by Generic Framing Procedure (GFP) and Virtual Concatenation (VC). The core of the network tends to be a meshed architecture equipped with Multi-Service Switches (MSSs). In the context of these emerging technologies, we propose a load-balancing spare capacity reallocation approach to improve network utilization in the next-generation SONET metro networks. Using our approach, carriers can postpone network upgrades, resulting in increased revenue with reduced capital expenditures (CAPEX). For the first time, we consider the spare capacity reallocation problem from a capacity upgrade and network planning perspective. Our approach can operate in the context of shared-path protection (with backup multiplexing) because it reallocates spare capacity without disrupting working services. Unlike previous spare capacity reallocation approaches which aim at minimizing total spare capacity, our load-balancing approach minimizes the network load vector (NLV), which is a novel metric that reflects the network load distribution. Because NLV takes into consideration both uniform and non-uniform link capacity distribution, our approach can benefit both uniform and non-uniform networks. We develop a greedy loadbalancing spare capacity reallocation (GLB-SCR) heuristic algorithm to implement this approach. Our experimental results show that GLB-SCR outperforms a previously proposed algorithm (SSR) in terms of established connection capacity and total network capacity in both uniform and non-uniform networks.

Heligmosomoides johnsoni sp. nov. (Nematoda: Heligmosomatidae) from the Heather Vole, Phenacomys intermedius Merriam

Heligmosomoides johnsoni sp. noy. is described from the cecum of the heather vole, Phenacomys intermedius Merriam, from the Olympic Mountains, Washington. The absence of longitudinal cuticular ridges dorsally separates H. johnsoni from species of Heligmosomoides other than H. hudsoni (Cameron, 1937), which occurs in varying lemmings, Dicrostonyx spp., and from which H. johnsoni is distinguished by its longer spicules, form of the dorsal ray, and other characters. Both Phenacomys and Dicrostonyx have a specialized cecum, with long villi around which the nematodes are found tightly coiled. The zoogeography of heligmosomid nematodes in Phenacomys is briefly discussed. French abstract: On décrit Heligmosomoides johnsoni sp. nov. parasite du caecum du rongeur néarctique, Phenacomys intermedius Merriam, des Montagnes Olympiques de Washington. L'absence de crêtes cuticulaires sur la face dorsaIe sépare H. johnsoni des autres Heligmosomoides à I'exception d'H. hudsoni (Cameron, 1937) qui se trouve chez Dicrostonyx spp., et duquel H. johnsoni se distingue par ses spicules plus longs, par la forme différente de la côte dorsale et par d'autres caractères. Phenacomys et Dicrostonyx ont un caecum spécialisé, muni de villosités allongées, autour desquelles les nématodes s'enroulent étroitement. La zoogéographie des nematodes héligmosomes chez Phenacomys est discutée.