Characteristics of Biodiesel Oil Atomized by a Two-Fluid Nozzle Using PDA

Drop size and velocity distribution in a spray of fuel play an important role in determining combustion efficiency. The Phase Doppler anemometer (PDA) is a well-established technique allowing simultaneous measurement of velocity and size of droplets. In this work, effect of bio-substitute component on the size and velocity of biodiesel droplets which are generated by a two-fluid nozzle are investigated comprehensively using a PDA.

Effect of biodiesel oil composition on droplet size distribution

Droplet size distribution of biodiesel oil with various compositions was investigated in this work. The droplets generated by a two-fluid atomizer were measured by a commercial PDA. It was found that viscosity of the fuel has a strong effect on the drop size distribution. Additionally, effect of air injection pressures applied to atomize the spray was taken into account. Shear force induced by flow field exerts an effect on distribution of biodiesel droplets in atomized spray.

The body language: The spontaneous influence of congruent bodily arousal on the awareness of emotional words

Nowadays, the idea of a reciprocal influence of physiological and psychological processes seems to be widely accepted. For instance, current theories of embodied emotion suggest that knowledge about an emotion concept involves simulations of bodily experienced emotional states relevant to the concept. In line with this framework, the present study investigated whether actual levels of physiological arousal interact with the processing of emotional words. Participants performed 2 blocks of an attentional blink task, once after a cycling session (increased arousal) and once after a relaxation session (reduced arousal). Concretely, participants were instructed to detect and report 2 target words (T1 and T2) presented among a series of nonword distractors. T1 and T2 were either neutral, high arousal, or low arousal words. Results revealed that increased physiological arousal led to improved reports of high arousal T2 words, whereas reduced physiological arousal led to improved reports of low arousal T2 words. Neutral T2 remained unaffected by the arousing conditions. These findings emphasize that actual levels of physiological arousal modulate the cognitive access to arousal (in-)congruent emotional concepts and suggest a direct grounding of emotion knowledge in our bodily systems of arousal.