1 resultado para J22 - Time Allocation and Labor Supply
em DI-fusion - The institutional repository of Université Libre de Bruxelles
Filtro por publicador
- KUPS-Datenbank - Universität zu Köln - Kölner UniversitätsPublikationsServer (1)
- Aberdeen University (3)
- Abertay Research Collections - Abertay University’s repository (1)
- Aberystwyth University Repository - Reino Unido (1)
- Academic Archive On-line (Stockholm University; Sweden) (2)
- Academic Research Repository at Institute of Developing Economies (12)
- AMS Tesi di Dottorato - Alm@DL - Università di Bologna (4)
- AMS Tesi di Laurea - Alm@DL - Università di Bologna (2)
- Andina Digital - Repositorio UASB-Digital - Universidade Andina Simón Bolívar (1)
- Aquatic Commons (10)
- ArchiMeD - Elektronische Publikationen der Universität Mainz - Alemanha (1)
- Archive of European Integration (73)
- Archivo Digital para la Docencia y la Investigación - Repositorio Institucional de la Universidad del País Vasco (8)
- Aston University Research Archive (22)
- Biblioteca Digital da Produção Intelectual da Universidade de São Paulo (2)
- Biblioteca Digital da Produção Intelectual da Universidade de São Paulo (BDPI/USP) (1)
- Biblioteca Digital de la Universidad Católica Argentina (1)
- BORIS: Bern Open Repository and Information System - Berna - Suiça (35)
- Boston University Digital Common (1)
- Brock University, Canada (2)
- Bucknell University Digital Commons - Pensilvania - USA (1)
- CaltechTHESIS (6)
- Cambridge University Engineering Department Publications Database (18)
- CentAUR: Central Archive University of Reading - UK (24)
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Institutional Repositories Grid Portal (6)
- Cochin University of Science & Technology (CUSAT), India (2)
- Comissão Econômica para a América Latina e o Caribe (CEPAL) (6)
- CORA - Cork Open Research Archive - University College Cork - Ireland (3)
- Cornell: DigitalCommons@ILR (2)
- Corvinus Research Archive - The institutional repository for the Corvinus University of Budapest (1)
- CUNY Academic Works (2)
- Dalarna University College Electronic Archive (1)
- Deakin Research Online - Australia (53)
- DI-fusion - The institutional repository of Université Libre de Bruxelles (1)
- Digital Commons - Michigan Tech (2)
- Digital Commons @ DU | University of Denver Research (1)
- Digital Commons at Florida International University (14)
- Digital Howard @ Howard University | Howard University Research (1)
- DigitalCommons - The University of Maine Research (1)
- DigitalCommons@The Texas Medical Center (4)
- DRUM (Digital Repository at the University of Maryland) (4)
- Duke University (4)
- eResearch Archive - Queensland Department of Agriculture; Fisheries and Forestry (6)
- Greenwich Academic Literature Archive - UK (6)
- Harvard University (1)
- Helda - Digital Repository of University of Helsinki (4)
- Illinois Digital Environment for Access to Learning and Scholarship Repository (3)
- Indian Institute of Science - Bangalore - Índia (20)
- Institutional Repository of Leibniz University Hannover (1)
- Instituto de Engenharia Nuclear, Brazil - Carpe dIEN (1)
- Instituto Nacional de Saúde de Portugal (1)
- Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Portugal (2)
- Laboratório Nacional de Energia e Geologia - Portugal (1)
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (2)
- National Center for Biotechnology Information - NCBI (3)
- Plymouth Marine Science Electronic Archive (PlyMSEA) (9)
- Portal de Revistas Científicas Complutenses - Espanha (4)
- Publishing Network for Geoscientific & Environmental Data (19)
- QSpace: Queen's University - Canada (1)
- QUB Research Portal - Research Directory and Institutional Repository for Queen's University Belfast (50)
- Queensland University of Technology - ePrints Archive (100)
- Repositório Científico do Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa - Portugal (1)
- Repositorio de la Universidad de Cuenca (1)
- Repositório digital da Fundação Getúlio Vargas - FGV (14)
- Repositório Digital da UNIVERSIDADE DA MADEIRA - Portugal (1)
- Repositório Institucional da Universidade de Aveiro - Portugal (2)
- Repositorio Institucional de la Universidad Pública de Navarra - Espanha (1)
- Repositório Institucional UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista "Julio de Mesquita Filho" (20)
- Repositorio Institucional Universidad EAFIT - Medelin - Colombia (2)
- Research Open Access Repository of the University of East London. (2)
- School of Medicine, Washington University, United States (2)
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Mexico (1)
- Universidad de Alicante (1)
- Universidad del Rosario, Colombia (9)
- Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (5)
- Universidade Complutense de Madrid (2)
- Universita di Parma (1)
- Universitat de Girona, Spain (1)
- Universitätsbibliothek Kassel, Universität Kassel, Germany (2)
- Université de Lausanne, Switzerland (1)
- Université de Montréal (1)
- Université de Montréal, Canada (27)
- University of Connecticut - USA (6)
- University of Michigan (191)
- University of Queensland eSpace - Australia (14)
- University of Washington (6)
- WestminsterResearch - UK (4)
Resumo:
Real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has recently been described as a new tool to measure and accurately quantify mRNA levels. In this study, we have applied this technique to evaluate cytokine mRNA synthesis induced by antigenic stimulation with purified protein derivative (PPD) or heparin-binding haemagglutinin (HBHA) in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected individuals. Whereas PPD and HBHA optimally induced IL-2 mRNA after respectively 8 and 16 to 24 h of in vitro stimulation, longer in vitro stimulation times were necessary for optimal induction of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) mRNA, respectively 16 to 24 h for PPD and 24 to 96 h for HBHA. IL-13 mRNA was optimally induced by in vitro stimulation after 16-48 h for PPD and after 48 to 96 h for HBHA. Comparison of antigen-induced Th1 and Th2 cytokines appears, therefore, valuable only if both cytokine types are analysed at their optimal time point of production, which, for a given cytokine, may differ for each antigen tested. Results obtained by real-time PCR for IFN-gamma and IL-13 mRNA correlated well with those obtained by measuring the cytokine concentrations in cell culture supernatants, provided they were high enough to be detected. We conclude that real-time PCR can be successfully applied to the quantification of antigen-induced cytokine mRNA and to the evaluation of the Th1/Th2 balance, only if the kinetics of cytokine mRNA appearance are taken into account and evaluated for each cytokine measured and each antigen analysed.