Decomposition, recomposition, speculation: The contribution of the Treatise of Choisy for the architectural survey, a pedagogical approach

info:eu-repo/semantics/inPress

Frei Otto et René Sarger: entre idéaux d’architecte et vérité d’ingénieur

À travers leurs premiers écrits des années 50 et 60, Frei Otto, architecte et ingénieur allemand (1925-2015), et René Sarger (1917-1988), architecte français, n’expriment pas seulement une passion partagée des toitures suspendues. Partant du même souci d’une forme structurale « juste », leurs convictions radicales révèlent aussi les premiers questionnements des nouveaux rôles de l’ingénieur et de l’architecte de l’époque, mais aussi des idéaux opposés concernant leur position comme concepteurs et auteurs du monde bâti, ainsi que l’importance sociétale de leurs disciplines.

Plasma kinetic theory

Kinetic theory studies the macroscopic properties of large numbers of particles, starting from their (classical) equations of motion while the thermodynamics describes the equilibrium behavior of macroscopic objects in terms of concepts such as work, heat, and entropy. The phenomenological laws of thermodynamics tell us how these quantities are constrained as a system approaches its equilibrium. At the microscopic level, we know that these systems are composed of particles (atoms, particles), whose interactions and dynamics are reasonably well understood in terms of more fundamental theories. If these microscopic descriptions are complete, we should be able to account for the macroscopic behavior, i.e. derive the laws governing the macroscopic state functions in equilibrium. Kinetic theory attempts to achieve this objective. In particular, we shall try to answer the following questions [1]: How can we define equilibrium for a system of moving particles? Do all systems naturally evolve towards an equilibrium state? What is the time evolution of a system that is not quite in equilibrium?