Towards persistent structural health monitoring through sustainable wireless sensor networks

This paper documents the design, implementation and characterisation of a wireless sensor node (GENESI Node v1.0), applicable to long-term structural health monitoring. Presented is a three layer abstraction of the hardware platform; consisting of a Sensor Layer, a Main Layer and a Power Layer. Extended operational lifetime is one of the primary design goals, necessitating the inclusion of supplemental energy sources, energy awareness, and the implementation of optimal components (microcontroller(s), RF transceiver, etc.) to achieve lowest-possible power consumption, whilst ensuring that the functional requirements of the intended application area are satisfied. A novel Smart Power Unit has been developed; including intelligence, ambient available energy harvesting (EH), storage, electrochemical fuel cell integration, and recharging capability, which acts as the Power Layer for the node. The functional node has been prototyped, demonstrated and characterised in a variety of operational modes. It is demonstrable via simulation that, under normal operating conditions within a structural health monitoring application, the node may operate perpetually.

Mapping the gene for autosomal dominant restless legs syndrome in an Irish family

Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS) is a common neurological disorder affecting nearly 15% of the general population. Ironically, RLS can be described as the most common condition one has never heard of. It is usually characterised by uncomfortable, unpleasant sensations in the lower limbs inducing an uncontrollable desire to move the legs. RLS exhibits a circadian pattern with symptoms present predominantly in the evening or at night, thus leading to sleep disruption and daytime somnolence. RLS is generally classified into primary (idiopathic) and secondary (symptomatic) forms. Primary RLS includes sporadic and familial cases of which the age of onset is usually less than 45 years and progresses slowly with a female to male ratio of 2:1. Secondary forms often occur as a complication of another health condition, such as iron deficiency or thyroid dysfunction. The age of onset is usually over 45 years, with an equal male to female ratio and more rapid progression. Ekbom described the familial component of the disorder in 1945 and since then many studies have been published on the familial forms of the disorder. Molecular genetic studies have so far identified ten loci (5q, 12q, 14p, 9p, 20p, 16p, 19p, 4q, 17p). No specific gene within these loci has been identified thus far. Association mapping has highlighted a further five areas of interest. RLS6 has been found to be associated with SNPs in the BTBD9 gene. Four other variants were found within intronic and intergenic regions of MEIS1, MAP2K5/LBXCOR1, PTPRD and NOS1. The pathophysiology of RLS is complex and remains to be fully elucidated. Conditions associated with secondary RLS, such as pregnancy or end-stage renal disease, are characterised by iron deficiency, which suggests that disturbed iron homeostasis plays a role. Dopaminergic dysfunction in subcortical systems also appears to play a central role. An ongoing study within the Department of Pathology (University College Cork) is investigating the genetic characteristics of RLS in Irish families. A three generation RLS pedigree RLS3002 consisting of 11 affected and 7 unaffected living family members was recruited. The family had been examined for four of the known loci (5q, 12q, 14p and 9p) (Abdulrahim 2008). The aim of this study was to continue examining this Irish RLS pedigree for possible linkage to the previously described loci and associated regions. Using informative microsatellite markers linkage was excluded to the loci on 5q, 12q, 14p, 9p, 20p, 16p, 19p, 4q, 17p and also within the regions reported to be associated with RLS. This suggested the presence of a new unidentified locus. A genome-wide scan was performed using two microsatellite marker screening sets (Research Genetics Inc. Mapping set and the Applied Biosystems Linkage mapping set version 2.5). Linkage analysis was conducted under an autosomal dominant model with a penetrance of 95% and an allele frequency of 0.01. A maximum LOD score of 3.59 at θ=0.00 for marker D19S878 indicated significant linkage on chromosome 19p. Haplotype analysis defined a genetic region of 6.57 cM on chromosome 19p13.3, corresponding to 2.5 Mb. There are approximately 100 genes annotated within the critical region. Sequencing of two candidate genes, KLF16 and GAMT, selected on the assumed pathophysiology of RLS, did not identify any sequence variant. This study provides evidence of a novel RLS locus in an Irish pedigree, thus supporting the picture of RLS as a genetically heterogeneous trait.

Who pays and who plays? Mapping the discourse of publicly funded instrumental music education in Ireland

Instrumental music education is provided as an extra-curricular activity on a fee-paying basis by a small number of Education and Training Boards, formerly Vocational Education Committees (ETB/VECs) through specialist instrumental Music Services. Although all citizens’ taxes fund the public music provision, participation in instrumental music during school-going years is predominantly accessed by middle class families. A series of semistructured interviews sought to access the perceptions and beliefs of instrumental music education practitioners (N=14) in seven publicly-funded music services in Ireland. Canonical dispositions were interrogated and emergent themes were coded and analysed in a process of Grounded theory. The study draws on Foucault’s conception of discourse as a lens with which to map professional practices, and utilises Bourdieu’s analysis of the reproduction of social advantage to examine cultural assumptions, which may serve to privilege middle-class cultural choice to the exclusion of other social groups. Study findings show that within the Music Services, aesthetic and pedagogic discourses of the 19th century Conservatory system exert a hegemonic influence over policy and practice. An enduring ‘examination culture’ located within the Western art music tradition determines pedagogy, musical genre, and assessment procedures. Ideologies of musical taste and value reinforce the more tangible boundaries of fee-payment and restricted availability as barriers to access. Practitioners are aware of a status duality whereby instrumental teachers working as visiting specialists in primary schools experience a conflict between specialist and generalist educational aims. Nevertheless, study participants consistently advocated siting the point of access to instrumental music education in the primary schools as the most equitable means of access to instrumental music education. This study addresses a ‘knowledge gap’ in the sociology of music education in Ireland. It provides a framework for rethinking instrumental music education as equitable in-school musical participation. The conclusions of the study suggest starting-points for further educational research and may provide key ‘prompts’ for curriculum planning.