Development of CMOS-compatible electrostatic supercapacitors

This work focuses on development of electrostatic supercapacitors (ESCs) using process routes compatible with complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) fabrication. Wafer-scale anodised aluminium oxide (AAO) processing techniques have been developed to produce high-surface area templates. Statistically optimised atomic layer deposition (ALD) processes have been developed to conformally coat the templates and generate metalinsulator-metal capacitor structures. Detailed electrical characterisation and analysis for a range of devices, revealed ESC’s with high capacitance densities of ~12 μF cm-2 and equivalent energy densities of 0.28 Wh/kg . Finally the suitability of ESC’s toward next generation energy storage applications is discussed.

The ecology of the Irish stoat

The Irish stoat, Mustela erminea hibernica (Thomas and Barrett-Hamilton), has been regarded as an intermediate between the British stoat and the weasel. In this study Irish stoats, mainly from road casualties, were collected and studied. A small number were also live-trapped and radio-tracked. Thus information was gathered on the stoat’s ecology, in particular its form (size and coat colours), reproduction, food habits, parasites, habitat utilisation mortality and predation. The Irish stoats studied were clearly not intermediate in size between British stoats and weasels. They showed considerable size overlap with British stoats, and marked size variation within Ireland. It is argued that size of stoats is determined by food supply early in life. The ventral coat pattern of Irish stoats is apparently unique in the Palaearctic, being similar to that of some stoats found on the west coast of North America. It is argued that this is an example of parallel evolution resulting from adaptation to similar climatic conditions. The stoats were reproductively active in spring and summer. Food consisted mainly of rabbits, but rats, birds, shrews mice and voles were also consumed. Mites were the most numerous ectoparasites, followed by lice, ticks and fleas. Damage by the parasitic nematode Skrjabingylus nasicola was found more frequently in female stoat skulls. Stoats were frequently found in a variety of habitats, both open and wooded. Some of the radio-tracked stoats climbed trees. Dens used were often rat holes. Only one home range, that of a breeding female, was considered to have been accurately measured. It was 22 ha. in size. Mortality is known to have been caused by road accidents and domestic carnivores. It is argued that predation by raptorial birds is important to stoat populations. Results of this study are compared with information available from elsewhere.