Combining Textual and Visual Cues for Content-based Image Retrieval on the World Wide Web

Some WWW image engines allow the user to form a query in terms of text keywords. To build the image index, keywords are extracted heuristically from HTML documents containing each image, and/or from the image URL and file headers. Unfortunately, text-based image engines have merely retro-fitted standard SQL database query methods, and it is difficult to include images cues within such a framework. On the other hand, visual statistics (e.g., color histograms) are often insufficient for helping users find desired images in a vast WWW index. By truly unifying textual and visual statistics, one would expect to get better results than either used separately. In this paper, we propose an approach that allows the combination of visual statistics with textual statistics in the vector space representation commonly used in query by image content systems. Text statistics are captured in vector form using latent semantic indexing (LSI). The LSI index for an HTML document is then associated with each of the images contained therein. Visual statistics (e.g., color, orientedness) are also computed for each image. The LSI and visual statistic vectors are then combined into a single index vector that can be used for content-based search of the resulting image database. By using an integrated approach, we are able to take advantage of possible statistical couplings between the topic of the document (latent semantic content) and the contents of images (visual statistics). This allows improved performance in conducting content-based search. This approach has been implemented in a WWW image search engine prototype.

The Practice and Understanding of the Eucharist in the United Church of Christ: A Practical Theological Study

This dissertation explores the complexity of the understanding and practice of the Eucharist in the United Church of Christ as revealed in a textual analysis of the UCC Book of Worship (1986) and a qualitative study of five representative UCC congregations. Little has been written on this topic, save for several brief articles on the history of the theology of the sacrament in the two bodies that merged to form the UCC in 1957: the Congregational Christian Churches (CC) and the Evangelical and Reformed Church (E&R). This dissertation advances the topic through a practical-theological study that brings into critical conversation contemporary eucharistic practices in five congregations and a historical theological analysis of liturgical traditions in the UCC and antecedent denominations. Through this conversation, the study articulates common themes of a UCC eucharistic theology and explores implications for ongoing theology and practice in the denomination. The introduction explicates the methodology employed in this study, guided by Don Browning's work. The first two chapters present the findings of the focus group interviews and an interpretation of those results respectively. Chapter three analyzes the eucharistic liturgies in three historic books of worship used in the E&R heritage. In chapter four, two of the antecedent resources utilized in the CC tradition are analyzed. The short-lived Hymnal of the United Church of Christ, published in 1974, includes liturgies that would find fuller expression in the 1986 Book of Worship. That hymnal is examined in chapter five. Chapter six interprets the two services of "Word and Sacrament" found in the Book of Worship. Chapter seven offers a comparative analysis of the focus group findings and the theology inherent in the Book of Worship. The final chapter offers strategic recommendations for revised theory and practice. The conclusion points toward areas for further research: it propels a critical conversation around the notion of covenant, Christ's presence in the meal, and who can receive and officiate at the Eucharist. This dissertation concludes that the UCC lives within a balance of multiple, complementary theologies and challenges the denomination to make stronger connections between the meal and mission, reconciliation, and tradition.