Ethical Dimension of Time in Plato’s Apology of Socrates

The aim of the present article is to analyse the Apology in its aspect of time. When defending himself against the charges, Socrates appeals to the past, the present and the future. Furthermore, the philosopher stresses the meaning of the duration of time. Thus, the seems to suggest that all really important activities demand a long time to benefit, since they are almost invariably connected with greater efforts. While the dialogue proves thereby to be an ethical one, the various time expressions also gain an ethical dimension.

Jak sprostać wymaganiom neoliberalizmu w poradnictwie?

The article discusses changes which neoliberal ideologies have triggered in counselling. Meeting the demands of liberalism in counselling is a challenge both to organisation and to people. As far as people are concerned, the argument is driven by such questions as: What is the human being of this system (homo consultans) like? What is his world? How does he relate to this world? The questions about counselling as organisation pertain to its objectives and goals. In the industrial era, counselling goals were of paternalistic nature, but in economy-dominated neoliberalism they are certainly different. At a time of neoliberalism, the counsellor faces the following dilemmas: How to gain the client? How to satisfy the client? How to reconcile ethical demands inscribed in the counselling mission with the economic preoccupations of neo-positivist ideologies? In response, three kinds of counselling emerge. Rehabilitative counselling is organised for people severely damaged by adversity. Existential counselling is organised for people whose biographical trajectory is disturbed by temporary problems. Career counselling is organised for people who chose their life-paths in the neoliberal realities.