5 resultados para Syntactic foams

em Adam Mickiewicz University Repository


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English & Polish jokes based on linguistic ambiguity are constrasted. Linguistic ambiguity results from a multiplicity of semantic interpretations motivated by structural pattern. The meanings can be "translated" either by variations of the corresponding minimal strings or by specifying the type & extent of modification needed between the two interpretations. C. F. Hockett's (1972) translatability notion that a joke is linguistic if it cannot readily be translated into other languages without losing its humor is used to interpret some cross-linguistic jokes. It is claimed that additional intralinguistic criteria are needed to classify jokes. By using a syntactic representation, the humor can be explained & compared cross-linguistically. Since the mapping of semantic values onto lexical units is highly language specific, translatability is much less frequent with lexical ambiguity. Similarly, phonological jokes are not usually translatable. Pragmatic ambiguity can be translated on the basis of H. P. Grice's (1975) cooperative principle of conversation that calls for discourse interpretations. If the distinction between linguistic & nonlinguistic jokes is based on translatability, pragmatic jokes must be excluded from the classification. Because of their universality, pragmatic jokes should be included into the linguistic classification by going beyond the translatability criteria & using intralinguistic features to describe them.

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The article concerns the crucial role of language in the creation of the character’s identity. This issue is analysed by the author on the basis of the Russian writer Tatiana Tolstoj’s short stories. In the works of T. Tolstoj the idiosyncratic language of the character, full of surprising metaphors, repetitions and syntactic innovations creates the prose style named ornamental prose by H. Goscilo. According to the author of the article, the metaphor plays a special role in Tolstoj’s short stories. The short story becomes subordinate to one superior metaphor accompanied by a number of subsidiary metaphors. By means of applying the metaphor that transcendents the reality, Tolstoj’s realistic prose becomes deeply emotional and presents unexpected and unknown aspects of Russian reality.

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Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie aplikacji zastosowania na krajowym poziomie stosowania przepisów unijnych koncepcji wykładni derywacyjnej Macieja Zielińskiego. Podjęto w nim próbę udzielenia odpowiedzi na pytanie o wzajemne relacje przepisów prawnych ustanowionych przez socjologicznie różnych prawodawców do norm postępowania odtwarzanych w procesie wykładni w oparciu o analizę syntaktyczną oraz treściową krajowych i unijnych przepisów prawnych z różnych gałęzi prawa. Zastosowanie założeń koncepcji derywacyjnej do rozstrzygania spraw z elementem unijnym prowadzi do konkluzji, że zarówno zjawisko rozczłonkowania (na poziomie syntaktycznym oraz treściowym), jak również kondensacja norm postępowania w przepisach prawnych przebiegać może w sposób krzyżowy pomiędzy aktami prawnymi ustanowionymi przez różnych prawodawców socjologicznych (faktycznych). Ponadto, analiza szczególnego typu unijnych przepisów bezpośrednio skutecznych, prima facie stanowiących źródło obowiązku normatywnego wyłącznie dla państw członkowskich, w świetle założeń koncepcji wykładni derywacyjnej uświadamia, że przepisy te stanowią w gruncie rzeczy modelową egzemplifikację zjawiska kondensacji elementów norm prawnych. Przeprowadzona analiza relacji zakresowych przepisów prawnych do norm postępowania wykazuje stosowalność koncepcji derywacyjnej w procesie rozstrzygania spraw z elementem unijnym. Koncepcja ta wyjaśnia szczególnie złożone problemy wykładni prawa w sprawach z elementem unijnym oraz dostarcza teorii i praktyce instrumentarium do ich rozwiązywania. Jej zastosowanie unaocznia jednocześnie złożoną strukturę systemu prawa, którą charakteryzuje zjawisko hybrydyzacji.

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The article examines the relevance of Aristotle’s analysis that concerns the syllogistic figures. On the assumption that Aristotle’s analytics was inspired by the method of geometric analysis, we show how Aristotle used the three terms (letters), when he formulated the three syllogistic figures. So far it has not been appropriately recognized that the three terms — the major, the middle and the minor one — were viewed by Aristotle syntactically and predicatively in the form of diagrams. Many scholars have misunderstood Aristotle in that in the second and third figure the middle term is outside and that in the second figure the major term is next to the middle one, whereas in the third figure it is further from it. By means of diagrams, we have elucidated how this perfectly accords with Aristotle's planar and graphic arrangement. In the light of these diagrams, one can appropriately capture the definition of syllogism as a predicative set of terms. Irrespective of the tricky question concerning the abbreviations that Aristotle himself used with reference to these types of predication, the reconstructed figures allow us better to comprehend the reductions of syllogism to the first figure. We assume that the figures of syllogism are analogous to the figures of categorical predication, i.e., they are specific syntactic and semantic models. Aristotle demanded certain logical and methodological competence within analytics, which reflects his great commitment and contribution to the field.

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We report on a robust symmetry between the Polish and the Japanese sequence of syntactic projections in what superficially looks like different domains, namely verbal prefixes (Polish) and multiple verbs (Japanese). This paralellism strongly supports the thesis about the finegrained sequence of positions in syntax, namely that there exists the functional sequence of syntactic heads (fseq) which is invariantly ordered by UG (see e.g. Cinque (1999)) and the surface differences among particular langauges in the order of elements that instantiate this fseq result solely from movement (not from the variation in fseq itself).