4 resultados para Non-economic rights

em Adam Mickiewicz University Repository


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The model of autonomy developed by the Aland Isles can provide a number of interesting solutions applicable in other territories. Territorial autonomy as a manner of ensuring the political and economic rights of the minority involves facing up to the challenges of European integration and globalization. It seems that the Aland Isles have successfully coped with this challenge. Firstly, they were able to present and promote their own interests during the accession negotiations in an efficient manner. Secondly, they maintained (and additionally strengthened by including it in the aquis communitaire) their separate, autonomous status and the guarantees of identity protection by virtue of limiting the rights of persons without domicile rights to purchase land and run business activity. Thirdly, they managed to obtain a special status excluding them from the process of indirect tax harmonization, thus ensuring considerable economic benefits. Fourthly, both Finland and the European Union confirmed their autonomy, demilitarization and neutrality allowing the Isles to retain their former status under the new circumstances. Fifthly, they obtained representation in the Committee of the Regions and a defined position on European matters in Finland. The skillful application of the existing solutions and the winning of an advantageous set of derogations and exceptions strengthened the position of the Isles both with respect to Finland and the international surroundings. The Isles’ economic, cultural and political protection was augmented. Alongside their participation in international organizations, such as The Nordic Board, the Aland Isles have remained active and discernible on the international arena.

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Wśród niematerialnych potrzeb ludzkich do najważniejszych, z punktu widzenia polityki społecznej, należy potrzeba bezpieczeństwa. Stąd takim istotnym problemem jest gwarantowanie obywatelom poczucia bezpieczeństwa socjalnego. Choć z jednej strony, rozwój gospodarczy przynosi za sobą wzrost zamożności społeczeństwa, a co za tym idzie, wzrost poczucia bezpieczeństwa socjalnego, z drugiej strony w społeczeństwie nadal występują osoby i grupy, które, z różnych powodów, nie korzystają z owoców owego postępu. Dotyczy to zwłaszcza tych, którzy maja ograniczony dostęp do podstawowych dóbr i usług powszechnie przysługujących. Ta kategoria osób – to osoby wykluczone, czy też marginalizowane społecznie. Dla wykluczenia społecznego najbardziej charakterystyczne są trzy cechy: niski poziom uczestnictwa w życiu społecznym, długotrwałość i niedobrowolność takiej sytuacji, ograniczenie możliwości korzystania z podstawowych praw obywatelskich. Kwestia wykluczenia społecznego od niedawna została uznana przez Unię Europejską za jeden z podstawowych problemów społecznych. Stąd ogłoszenie roku 2010 Europejskim Rokiem Walki z Ubóstwem i Wykluczeniem Społecznym i podjęcie konkretnych działań w celu ograniczenia tych zjawisk. Daje to nadzieję, że tak w Unii Europejskiej, jak i w Polsce uda się zmniejszyć ilościowe rozmiary wykluczenia społecznego.

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Wydział Prawa i Administracji

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The object of analysis in the present text is the issue of operational control and data retention in Poland. The analysis of this issue follows from a critical stance taken by NGOs and state institutions on the scope of operational control wielded by the Polish police and special services – it concerns, in particular, the employment of “itemized phone bills and the so-called phone tapping.” Besides the quantitative analysis of operational control and the scope of data retention, the text features the conclusions of the Human Rights Defender referred to the Constitutional Tribunal in 2011. It must be noted that the main problems concerned with the employment of operational control and data retention are caused by: (1) a lack of specification of technical means which can be used by individual services; (2) a lack of specification of what kind of information and evidence is in question; (3) an open catalogue of information and evidence which can be clandestinely acquired in an operational mode. Furthermore, with regard to the access granted to teleinformation data by the Telecommunications Act, attention should be drawn to a wide array of data submitted to particular services. Also, the text draws on the so-called open interviews conducted mainly with former police officers with a view to pointing to some non-formal reasons for “phone tapping” in Poland. This comes in the form of a summary.