Gender differences in right ventricular function in patients with non-ischaemic cardiomyopathy

The aim of this study is to evaluate sex-related differences in right ventricular (RV) function, assessed with cardiac magnetic resonance imaging, in patients with stable non-ischaemic dilated cardiomyopathy. Mean age was 60.9 ± 12.2 years. Men presented higher levels of haemoglobin and white blood cell counts than women, and performed better in cardiopulmonary stress testing. A total of 24 patients (12 women) presented severe left ventricular (LV) systolic dysfunction, 32 (13 female) moderate and 15 (8 women) mild LV systolic dysfunction. In the group with severe LV systolic dysfunction, average right ventricular ejection fraction (RVEF) was normal in women (52 ± 4 %), whereas it was reduced in men (39 ± 3 %) p = 0.035. Only one woman (8 %) had severe RV systolic dysfunction (RVEF < 35 %) compared with 6 men (50 %) p < 0.001. In patients with moderate and mild LV dysfunction , the mean RVEF was normal in both men and women. In the 14 healthy volunteers, the lowest value of RVEF was 48 % and mean RVEF was normal in women (56 ± 2 %) and in men (51 ±  1 %), p = 0.08. In patients with dilated cardiomyopathy, RV systolic dysfunction is found mainly in male patients with severe LV systolic dysfunction.

Excessive blood pressure increase with exercise and risk of all-cause mortality and cardiac events

The association of an excessive blood pressure increase with exercise (EBPIE) on cardiovascular outcomes remains controversial. We sought to assess its impact on the risk of all-cause mortality and major cardiac events in patients with known or suspected coronary artery disease (CAD) referred for stress testing. Exercise echocardiography was performed in 10,047 patients with known or suspected CAD. An EBPIE was defined as an increase in systolic blood pressure with exercise ≥80 mmHg. The endpoints were all-cause mortality and major cardiac events (MACE), including cardiac death or nonfatal myocardial infarction (MI). Overall, 573 patients exhibited an EBPIE during the tests. Over a mean follow-up of 4.8 years, there were 1,950 deaths (including 725 cardiac deaths), 1,477 MI, and 1,900 MACE. The cumulative 10-year rates of all-cause mortality, cardiac death, nonfatal MI and MACE were 32.9%, 13.1%, 26,9% and 33% in patients who did not develop an EBPIE vs. 18.9%, 4.7%, 17.5% and 20.7% in those experiencing an EBPIE, respectively (p <0.001 for all comparisons). In Cox regression analyses, an EBPIE remained predictive of all-cause mortality (hazard ratio [HR] 0.73, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.59-0.91, p = 0.004), cardiac death (HR 0.67, 95% CI 0.46-0.98, p = 0.04), MI (HR 0.67, 95% CI 0.52-0.86, p = 0.002), and MACE (HR 0.69, 95% CI 0.56-0.86, p = 0.001). An EBPIE was associated with a significantly lower risk of mortality and MACE in patients with known or suspected CAD referred for stress testing.