This battle was not over: Parade’s End as a transitional text in the development of ‘disenchanted’ First World War literature.

This chapter argues that the novels of Ford's Parade's End tetralogy occupy a significant place in the development of "disenchanted" fiction about the First World War. The values of Ernest Raymond's patriotic Tell England are contrasted with those of C. E Montague's Disenchantment, providing a brief synopsis of the early 1920s response to the conflict. Parade's End is seen as introducing several key themes in to the post-First World War discursive field, including national identity, psychology, memory, and time. The presentation of these aligned with the formal aspects of the novel, allows it to push the boundaries of the readerly horizon of expectations. Frayn argues that Ford's readership, though moderately-sized, was influential from a literary point of view, and thus facilitated the reception of later, more vitriolic, criticisms of war.

Specimen generation approaches for DEM simulations.

Discrete Element Method (DEM) simulations ofelement tests cam provide significant insight into the micro-mechanics of soil response. It is well established that soil behaviour is strongly dependant on the initial density. Generation of particulate assemblies for three-dimensional DEM analyses must therefore allow for void ratio control. In this paper, different specimen generation approaches for DEM analyses are discussed. A methodology for the generation of assemblies of spherical particles with a specified initial density and stress state is presented. The effects of the different preparation methods on the specimen fabric are then considered in detail. For isotropic consolidation, it is shown that varying the coefficient of inter-particle friction allows control of the specimen void ratio at a specified confining stress. Simulations of anisotropic consolidation, from an initial isotropic stress state, to a final state where sigma(3) = K(0)sigma(1) indicated that the specimen void ratio and fabric are relatively insensitive to the intermediate stress path, provided an intermediate stress along the K(0) line was attained.