Obtenção de fotocatalisadores magnéticos a partir de resíduos industriais e TiO2 para a degradação de contaminantes orgânicos

In this work, magnetic photocatalysts were synthesized containing differents levels of TiO2 (40, 60 e 80%) supported at the supporter of C/LV, forming the photocatalysts 40, 60, 80Ti/C/LV, using tar pitch as carbon (C) source and red mud (LV) as iron source. The prepared magnetic photocatalysts and TiO2 were used to degrade the Remazol Black textile dye (PR5) and the organic material present in samples of a textile dye effluent. The characterization of photocatalysts by Raman, X-Ray Diffraction, Transmission Electron Micoscope and Scanning, Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectrometry, Termogravimetry and Elemental Analysis, confirms the presence of carbon and magnetite in support C/LV and the presence of TiO2 in prepared photocatalysts. The photocatalytic reactions with TiO2 were analyzed by different experimental conditions, such as: mass of TiO2 (30-240 mg), solution pH (2-10), light intensity (0.871 and 1.20 mWcm-2), type of radiation (UV and sunlight-1.420 mWcm-2), radiation incidence area (44.2 to 143.1 cm2) and dissolved oxygen (OD, 1.9 and 7.6 mg L- 1). Results showed that reactions with the following conditions: 220 mg of TiO2, pH 10, solar radiation, 7.6 mg L-1 of OD and an incidence area of radiation of 143.1 cm2 showed the best results for degradation of PR5 dye. Photocatalytic reactions with magnetic photocatalysts for degrading PR5 shows that efficiency increases with TiO2 content in the C/LV support, where, above 60% of TiO2, there was not significant increase in reaction velocity. In addition, solar radiation has proved to be advantageous for photocatalytic reactions. In order to verify the presence of a non-magnetic fraction in the photocatalyst 60Ti/C/LV0, magnetic separation was proceeded. The characterizations of the magnetic (FM) and nonmagnetic (NMF) fraction confirmed that about 25% of TiO2 did not fixed in 60Ti/C/LV photocatalyst. Results of photocatalytic reactions with FM and FNM showed that both phases have photocatalytic activity for degradation of PR5. The reactions executed for the degradation of organic matter present in the actual sample of textile effluent showed that TiO2 and magnetic photocatalyst 60Ti/C/ LV have better results for color removal (85 to 35%), soluble solids ( 11 and 3%), DQO (90 and 86%) and turbidity (94 and 11%) than the treatment done by the textile industry. Sedimentation kinetics tests in presence of a magnet showed that photocatalysts are separated faster from aqueous environment than pure TiO2. Obtained results showed that magnetic photocatalysts have excellent photocatalytic activity and can be separated from the reaction environment on a simple and quick way when a magnetic field is applied.

Síntese e aplicação de catalisadores à base de óxidos de cério, tungstênio e HZSM-5 para a produção do biodiesel

This work presents a study on the production of biodiesel by esterification reaction of oleic acid with methanol using batch reactor and different catalysts based on CeO2 and WO3 and HZSM-5. Acid treatment was performed in order to increase the catalytic activity. Different characterization techniques were performed, among them X-ray diffraction (XRD), Thermogravimetric analysis TGA/DTA, Spectroscopy in the Region in Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) and X-ray fluorescence (XRF). The effects of independent variables: temperature, molar ratio of oil: alcohol and the amount of catalyst and their interactions on the dependent variable (conversion of oleic acid to the corresponding ester). Overall, through the results obtained in the characterization was observed that the applied treatments were efficient, however the XRF technique, indicated that tungsten oxide leaching could occur during the preparation of the materials. The treatments performed on HZSM-5 caused no significant changes in the structure indicating that the zeolite was quite resistant to the treatments used. It was evaluated using complete 23 factorial design. For the catalysts investigated, the best reaction conditions were obtained when using higher levels of the independent variables temperature and amount of catalyst. However, for the variable molar ratio the lowest level showed significant yields for most of the synthesized catalyst, obtaining maximum conversion to the OC (67.97%), OW (74.37%), HZSM-5 (61.16%) OC-OW 1 (75.93%), OC-OW 2 (82.57%), OC-OW 3 (79.15%), S/OC-OW 1 (86.90%), S/OC-OW 2 (91.04%), S/OC-OW 3 (88.60%), S/OC-OW/H 1 (92.34%), S/OC-OW/H 2 (100%) and S/OC-OW/H 3 (98.16%). According to the experimental design, the temperature has the biggest influence on the reaction variable for all the synthesized catalysts. Among the catalysts investigated S/OC-OW/H 2 e S/OC-OW/H 3 were more effective. Reuse tests showed that the catalyst activity decreased after each cycle, indicating that the regeneration process was effective. The leaching test indicated that the catalysts are heterogeneous in the evaluated operating range. The catalysts investigated showed themselves promising for the production of biodiesel.

Ácidos orgânicos de baixa massa molar em solos e materiais orgânicos

Determination of organic acids in soils and organic materials is important due to the important role they play in improving the soil's physical, chemical and microbiological conditions. This study identified and quantified low molecular weight organic acids (LMWOA) in soils (dystroferric Red Latosol, dystrophic Red-Yellow Latosol and Quartzarenic Neosol) and organic materials (cow, pig, chicken, quail and horse manures, sawdust, coconut fiber, pine bark, coffee husks, biochar, organic substrate, sewage sludges 1 and 2, garbage compost, pig slurry compost). The following acids were identified: acetic, citric, D-malic, formic, fumaric, maleic, malonic, oxalic, quinic, shikimic, succinic and tartaric.