A general framework for multi-compartmental analysis of drug chemotherapy dynamics in human immunodeficiency virus type-1 infected individuals

An optimal control strategy for the highly active antiretroviral therapy associated to the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome should be designed regarding a comprehensive analysis of the drug chemotherapy behavior in the host tissues, from major viral replication sites to viral sanctuary compartments. Such approach is critical in order to efficiently explore synergistic, competitive and prohibitive relationships among drugs and, hence, therapy costs and side-effect minimization. In this paper, a novel mathematical model for HIV-1 drug chemotherapy dynamics in distinct host anatomic compartments is proposed and theoretically evaluated on fifteen conventional anti-retroviral drugs. Rather than interdependence between drug type and its concentration profile in a host tissue, simulated results suggest that such profile is importantly correlated with the host tissue under consideration. Furthermore, the drug accumulative dynamics are drastically affected by low patient compliance with pharmacotherapy, even when a single dose lacks. (C) 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

In vivo study of laser irradiation of fractionated drug administration based mechanism for effective photodynamic therapy in rat liver

Up-regulation of stress-activated proteins in cancer cells plays a protective role against photodynamic induced apoptosis. Post photodynamic therapy extracted normal rat liver tissue usually shows a fraction of surviving cells, the photodynamic resistant cells, residing in the necrotic region. To treat these photo-dynamic resistant cells a technique has been proposed based on fractionated drug administration of diluted photosensitizer, keeping the net concentration (5 mg/kg) constant, and subsequently varying drug light interval (DLI). Flourescence measurements were made for the presence of photosensitizer in a tissue. For qualitative analysis both histological and morphological studies were made. Although preliminary aim of this approach was not achieved but there were some interesting observation made i.e. for higher dilution of photosensitizer there was a sharp boundary between necrotic and normal portion of tissue. An increase in the absorption coefficient (alpha) from 2.7 -> 2.9 was observed as photosensitizer was diluted while the corresponding threshold dose (D (th)) persistently decreases from (0.10 -> 0.02) J/cm(2) when irradiated with a 635 nm laser fluence of 150 J/cm(2).