Goat kids' intestinal absorptive mucosa in period of passive immunity acquisition

Colostrum intake in newborn goat kids is essential for the acquisition of immunoglobulins (Ig) and influencing development of gastrointestinal mucosa. The present study investigated small intestine structure in the postnatal goat kid fed lyophilized bovine colostrum, an alternative source of antibodies to small ruminants, or goat colostrum using scanning electron microscopy technique. At 0,7 and 14 h of life 15 male newborns received 5% of body weight of lyophilized bovine colostrum (LBC) and 14 goat colostrum (GC), both with 55 mg/mL of IgG. Samples of duodenum, medium jejunum and ileum were collected at 18, 36 and 96 h of life. Three animals were sampled at birth without colostrum intake (0 h). The enteric tissues were analyzed for villi density (villi/cm(2)) and morphological characteristics. The villi density did not differ between treatment, sampling time and intestinal segments (P>0.05). The morphological characteristics were not different between LBC and GC in all segments. Duodenal villi were fingerlike, thick and short, and with different heights. Duodenal folds could also be verified. Frequent anastomoses in all sampling times were observed in this segment. In the jejunum, fingerlike villi, thin and thick, of different heights were observed in all sampling times as well as leaf-shaped villi. Vacuoles with colostrum were observed in the jejunum of goats sampled at 18 h of life. In ileum, fingerlike villi were observed in all sampling times. At 0 and 96 h of life, thick and low villi were verified while at 18 and 36 h the villi showed different heights and widths. At all sampling times, regularly cell extrusion processes were observed with grouped cells at the apex of the ileum villi and with isolated cells along the villi. In the first 4 days of goat kids' life the small intestine structure was unaffected by different sources of colostrum, goat or lyophilized bovine, and by the replacement of fetal enterocytes, which are able to absorb macromolecules, by adult-type ones. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

B Lymphocyte-Induced Maturation Protein-1 Contributes to Intestinal Mucosa Homeostasis by Limiting the Number of IL-17-Producing CD4(+) T Cells

The transcription factor B lymphocyte induced maturation protein-1 (Blimp-1) plays important roles in embryonic development and immunity. Blimp-1 is required for the differentiation of plasma cells, and mice with T cell specific deletion of Blimp-1 (Blimp-1CKO mice) develop a fatal inflammatory response in the colon. Previous work demonstrated that lack of Blimp-1 in CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells leads to intrinsic functional defects, but little is known about the functional role of Blimp-1 in regulating differentiation of Th cells in vivo and their contribution to the chronic intestinal inflammation observed in the Blimp1CKO mice. In this study, we show that Blimp-1 is required to restrain the production of the inflammatory cytokine IL-17 by Th cells in vivo. Blimp-1CKO mice have greater numbers of IL-17 producing TCR beta(+)CD4(+)cells in lymphoid organs and in the intestinal mucosa. The increase in IL-17 producing cells was not restored to normal levels in wild-type and Blimp-1CKO mixed bone marrow chimeric mice, suggesting an intrinsic role for Blimp-1 in constraining the production of IL-17 in vivo. The observation that Blimp-1 deficient CD4(+) T cells are more prone to differentiate into IL-17(+)/IFN-gamma(+) cells and cause severe colitis when transferred to Rag1-deficient mice provides further evidence that Blimp-1 represses IL-17 production. Analysis of Blimp-1 expression at the single cell level during Th differentiation reveals that Blimp-1 expression is induced in Th1 and Th2 but repressed by TGF-beta in Th17 cells. Collectively, the results described here establish a new role for Blimp-1 in regulating IL-17 production in vivo. The Journal of Immunology, 2012,189: 5682-5693.

Accuracy of Screening for Potentially Malignant Disorders of the Oral Mucosa by Dentists in Primary Care

Purpose: To examine the accuracy of a screening programme for potentially malignant disorders of the oral mucosa by visual inspection in primary health care. Materials and Methods: The study was based on secondary data from the Primary Care Information System maintained by seven units of family health in Sao Paulo City managed by a non-governmental agency. The reference population was composed of 15,072 residents 50 years old or more of both genders. The study population comprised 2,980 individuals. During screening in community settings, the oral mucosa was examined by trained dentists and distributed into two categories: (a) screen negative (b) screen positive. All participants underwent comprehensive clinical exams by a general dental practitioner supervised by a specialist. Individual records were grouped in a working dataset. Point and 95% confidence interval estimates were calculated regarding measures of sensitivity (Se), specificity (Sp) and positive and negative predictive values (PPV and NPV, respectively). Results: 18.0% of the population was considered screen positive. A total of 133 lesions (4.5%) were identified and 8 cases of oral cancer were confirmed, which corresponded to a prevalence rate of 27 cases in 10,000 people, a much higher rate than expected. The measures found were Se: 91.7% (85.3-95.6), Sp: 85.4% (84.1-86.7), PPV: 22.7% (19.3-26.5), NPV: 99.5% (99.2-99.8). The visual screen presented high accuracy. Conclusion: The test presented high sensibility and specificity values. From a public health point of view, the high accuracy levels showed the importance of oral health teams on family health strategy for more comprehensive primary care. Targeting risk groups and delegating the screening to community health agents may improve PPV and coverage.

Epidemiological study of HPV in oral mucosa through PCR

The Human Papillomavirus (HPV) belongs to the Papillomaviridae family and has a capsid and a single DNA strand. Its infection occurs mainly through sexual intercourse, having an important tropism for skin and mucosal cells. Aim: To evaluate the HPV presence in normal oral mucosa of asymptomatic subjects and; in parallel, to correlate social behavioral habits with the virus. Materials and Methods: Contemporary cohort cross-sectional study. The HPV was found by PCR, using general primers MY09/11 in 125 oral mucosa samples submitted to DNA extraction and PCR to search for the beta-globin gene in order to assess the quality of the extracted DNA. In parallel, we carried out a study of behavioral issues associated with the patients. Results: All the samples had a positive diagnosis of the beta-hemoglobin gene. HPV was diagnosed in 23.2% of the samples analyzed. Conclusion: The virus was present in 29 of the 125 patients, without them having any clinical-pathological manifestation associated with the HPV. As to the social behavior of the patients, we concluded that oral sex is statistically correlated to the virus, and besides the HPV has been statistically more present in female patients.

Why do we not find polyps in the lungs? Bronchial mucosa as a model in the treatment of polyposis

The link between lower and upper airways has been reported since the beginning of 1800s. They share the same pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium lining and the concept of one airway, one disease is quite well widespread. Nasal polyposis and asthma share basically the same inflammatory process: predominant infiltration of eosinophils, mucus cell hyperplasia, edema, thickened basal membrane, polarization for Th2 cell immune response, similar pro-inflammatory mediators are increased, for example cysteinyl leukotrienes. If the lower and upper airways share a lot of common epithelial structural features so why is the edema in the nasal mucosa able to increase so much the size of the mucosa to the point of developing polyps? The article tries to underline some differences between the nasal and the bronchial mucosa that could be implicated in this aberrant change from normal mucosa to polyps. This paper creates the concept that there are no polyps with the features of nasal polyposis disease in the lower airway and through it is developed the hypothesis of the nasal polyps origin could partially lie on the difference between the upper and lower airway histology. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Influence of treatment with intranasal corticosteroids on the nasal mucosa, weight, and corticosteroid concentration in rats

Background: The effect of intranasal corticosteroids on the nasal epithelium mucosa is an important parameter of treatment safety. This study was designed to examine whether treatment with topical corticosteroids in patients with allergic rhinitis causes atrophic nasal mucosal changes, when compared with systemic corticosteroids, in rats. Methods: Male Wistar rats were treated daily during 7 weeks with topical administration with 10 microliters of normal saline (control group), 10 microliters of mometasone furoate group, 10 microliters of triamcinolone acetonide (T group), and 8 mg/kg of daily subcutaneous injections of methylprednisolone sodium succinate (MP group). Body weight was evaluated weekly. At the end of the treatment, rats were killed by decapitation to collect blood for determination of corticosterone levels and nasal cavities were prepared for histological descriptive analyses. Results: Treatment with T and MP decreased body weight. Plasma corticosterone concentration was significantly reduced by MP treatment and presented a clear tendency to decrease after T treatment. Histological changes observed in group T included ripples, cell vacuolization, increase in the number of nuclei, and decrease in the number of cilia in the epithelial cells. Conclusion: Growth and corticosterone concentration were impaired by T and MP at the same proportion, suggesting a role of this hormone in body gain. With the exception of T, intranasal or systemic treatment with the corticosteroids evaluated in this study did not affect nasal mucosa. (Am J Rhinol Allergy 26, e46-e49, 2012; doi: 10.2500/ajra.2012.26.3702)

The Role of Keratinized Mucosa in Peri-Implant Health

Objective: To evaluate the role of keratinized mucosa around dental implants, correlating with other clinical parameters related to the success of dental implants. Design: Cross-section. Setting: Institutional tertiary referral hospital. Patients: A total of 202 dental implants fixed in the cleft area of 109 patients with cleft lip and/or palate were evaluated. Interventions: The evaluated clinical parameters were probing depth and gingival and plaque indexes on the buccal surface (three sites). Main Outcome Measures: All clinical parameters were correlated with the width of keratinized mucosa around the implants. Results: The largest probing depths were detected when the width of keratinized mucosa was 2 mm or more, with a statistically significant difference between the means of the probing depth and keratinized mucosa width. Conclusion: Even though the present results suggest that peri-implant health can be observed in areas with keratinized mucosa width under 2 mm provided an adequate oral hygiene control is performed, longitudinal randomized studies are necessary to analyze the relationship between the width of keratinized mucosa and the health of peri-implant tissues.

Candida albicans Isolation from Buccal Mucosa of Patients with HIV Wearing Removable Dental Prostheses

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of complete or partial removable dental prostheses (RDPs) on the frequency of Candida albicans isolated from the mouth and the presence of oral candidiasis in human immunodeficiency virus positive (HIV+) patients correlated with CD4 levels. Materials and Methods: One hundred ninety-three HIV+ patients were evaluated; 68 had RDPs and 125 did not. CD4 cell count was obtained after blood sampling and performed on the day of clinical examination. The material was collected from the buccal mucosa for isolation of yeasts with a sterile swab and seeded onto Sabouraud dextrose agar with chloramphenicol. C albicans strains were identified by testing germ tubes and chlamydospore formation and biochemical (zymogram, auxanogram) characteristics. The results were subjected to the Fischer exact test and chi-square tests. Results: C albicans were isolated from 45(66.17%) patients who had RDPs and 48 (38.4%) who did not (P = .0003). The presence of oral candidiasis was observed in 14 patients (7.25%), and 10 of the 14 (71.43%) were RDP users. The absence of candidiasis occurred in 121 (67.59%) nonusers and 58 (32.40%) users of RDPs (P = .0065). The mean CD4 cell count was lower in patients with oral candidiasis regardless of the use of RDPs. Conclusion: The use of RDPs was an important factor in the isolation of C albicans among HIV+ patients, and CD4 level seems to play a role in the presence of oral candidiasis. Int J Prosthodont 2012;25:127-131.

Avaliação da mucosa sinusal do coelho à presença de implante biodegradável

Pensando em melhorar a qualidade de vida dos pacientes com doenças do humor vítreo, os oftalmologistas começaram a utilizar recentemente implantes biodegradáveis com corticoide. Estes mesmos implantes podem ser uma alternativa no tratamento da RSC e, para isso, realizamos um estudo experimental em seios maxilares de coelhos. OBJETIVO: Avaliar histologicamente a mucosa de seio maxilar de coelhos após a colocação de implante biodegradável de prednisolona. MÉTODO: Dezoito coelhos foram divididos aleatoriamente em dois grupos: Grupo 1: no seio maxilar esquerdo foi inserido um implante biodegradável com prednisolona; Grupo 2: No seio maxilar esquerdo foi inserido um implante biodegradável sem medicação. Os seios maxilares do lado direito serviram como controle. Após 7, 14 e 28 dias foram escolhidos aleatoriamente três coelhos de cada grupo e a resposta tecidual inflamatória foi avaliada. RESULTADOS: Foi encontrada diferença não significativa de inflamação na mucosa, quando comparamos o grupo de coelhos que receberam implantes com e sem medicação com o grupo controle; ou quando comparamos o grupo que recebeu implante com prednisolona com o grupo que recebeu implante sem medicação. CONCLUSÃO: Não foram observados sinais de toxicidade ou inflamação na mucosa do seio maxilar do coelho à presença do implante com ou sem prednisolona.

Avaliação do número de células caliciformes nas criptas da mucosa colônica com e sem trânsito intestinal

OBJETIVO: Medir a espessura das criptas e quantificar o número de células caliciformes comparando a mucosa cólica com e sem trânsito intestinal, relacionando-as ao tempo de exclusão. MÉTODOS: Sessenta ratos Wistar, foram distribuídos em três grupos com 20 animais segundo a operação final para a retirada dos cólons, realizadas em seis, 12 ou 18 semanas. Em cada grupo, 15 animais foram submetidos à derivação do trânsito por colostomia proximal no cólon esquerdo e fístula mucosa distal e cinco apenas à laparotomia (controle). Os cólons com e sem trânsito fecal foram removidos, processados, submetidos a cortes histológicos corados pela hematoxilina-eosina. A altura das criptas colônicas e o número de células caliciformes foram mensurados por morfometria computadorizada. Foram utilizados os testes t de Student e Kruskal-Wallis para comparação e análise de variância, estabelecendo-se nível de significância de 5% (p<0,05). RESULTADOS: A altura das criptas diminui nos segmentos sem trânsito fecal (p=0,0001), reduzindo entre seis e 12 semanas de exclusão (p=0,0003), estabilizando-se após este período. O número de células caliciformes nas criptas é menor nos segmentos sem trânsito após 12 e 18 semanas (p=0,0001), porém aumenta com o decorrer do tempo de exclusão (p=0,04) CONCLUSÃO: A exclusão do trânsito intestinal diminui a espessura das criptas colônicas e o número de células caliciformes nos segmentos sem trânsito. Existe aumento do número de células caliciformes com o decorrer do tempo de exclusão.