Experimento para quantificar a eficiência de aspersão de líquidos: aplicação em distribuidores espinha de peixe

This paper describes a device developed on the pilot scale and a simple approach to compare liquid distributor efficiencies. The technique consists basically of analyzing the mass of the liquid collected in 21 vertical pipes measuring 52 mm in internal diameter and 800 mm in length placed in a quadratic arrangement and positioned below the distributor A 50 mm thick acrylic blanket that does not disperse liquids was placed between the distributor and the pipe bank to avoid splashes. Assays were carried out with ladder-type distributors equipped with 4 parallel pipes each for a column measuring 400 nun in diameter as an example of the application. The number (n) of orifices (95, 127, and 159 orifices/m(2)), orifice diameter (d) (2, 3, and 4 mm) and the flowrate (q) (1.2; 1.4; and 1.6 m(3)/h) were varied. The best spread efficiency, which presented the lowest standard deviation, was achieved with 159 orifices, 2 mm and 1.4 m(3)/h. The pressure (p) at the distributor inlet for this condition was only 51000 Pa (0.51 kgf/cm(2)), while the average velocity (v) was 6.3 m/s in each orifice. These results show some limitations of the practical rules used in distributor designs.

Nutrição mineral da cana‑de‑açúcar irrigada com efluente de esgoto tratado, em área com aplicação de fosfogesso

O objetivo deste trabalho foi quantificar o aporte e a remoção de nutrientes em sistemas de cultivo  de cana‑de‑açúcar irrigados, ou não, com efluente de estação de tratamento de esgoto (EETE), com e sem  adição  de fosfogesso,  bem  como  avaliar  os  efeitos  desses sistemas  de  cultivo  no  estado  nutricional  das  plantas. Foram avaliados tratamentos sem irrigação e com irrigação a 100 e 150% da necessidade hídrica da  cultura. Os tratamentos com fosfogesso foram aplicados em área de terceiro corte, irrigada com EETE desde  o plantio. As  avaliações foram realizadas em duas safras. Os tratamentos não afetaram os rendimentos de  colmos. O tratamento com EETE e fosfogesso apresentou efeito sinérgico sobre o conteúdo de nitrogênio e de  enxofre nas plantas. O EETE beneficiou a nutrição das plantas quanto ao fósforo, mas não causou melhorias  na nutrição com potássio e enxofre. A nutrição com ferro, zinco e manganês não foi influenciada pelo aporte  desses micronutrientes pelo EETE. O  fósforo e o nitrogênio aportados na irrigação com EETE devem ser  considerados na recomendação de adubação. Porém, potássio, enxofre, ferro, zinco e manganês do efluente não  são fontes eficientes desses nutrientes para as plantas.

Alimentação hospitalar: proposições para a qualificação do Serviço de Alimentação e Nutrição, avaliadas pela comunidade científica

The scope of this paper is to validate proposals used to qualify hospital food by the Brazilian scientific community. An electronic questionnaire was applied to clinical nutrition professionals registered on the Lattes Platform (Brazilian database of institutions and researchers' curricula in the areas of Science and Technology). The questionnaire incorporated a Likert scale and had spaces for comments. The themes dealt with patient participation, the nutritional and sensory quality of hospital diets, and planning and goals of the Hospital Food and Nutrition Service (HFNS). The questionnaire also asked for the top five priorities for a HFNS. Proposals with total or partial adherence equal to or greater than 70% were considered to be approved. All proposals had total adherence equal to or greater than 70%. The proposal that had minimal adherence (70%) was the one that proposed that nutritional intervention must be arranged by mutual agreement with the patient. The proposal that had maximal adherence (93%) was the one advocating that there must be statistical control on diets prescribed by the HFNS. The most cited priorities referred to infrastructure and training of human resources (40%), the quality of hospital food (27%) and the nutritional status of the patient.

Depletion study and estimation of the withdrawal period for oxytetracycline in tilapia cultured in Brazil

Defining pharmacokinetic parameters and depletion intervals for antimicrobials used in fish represents important guidelines for future regulation by Brazilian agencies of the use of these substances in fish farming. This article presents a depletion study for oxytetracycline (OTC) in tilapias (Orechromis niloticus) farmed under tropical conditions during the winter season. High performance liquid chromatography, with fluorescence detection for the quantitation of OTC in tilapia fillets and medicated feed, was developed and validated. The depletion study with fish was carried out under monitored environmental conditions. OTC was administered in the feed for five consecutive days at daily dosages of 80 mg/kg body weight. Groups of ten fish were slaughtered at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 10, 15, 20, and 25 days after medication. After the 8th day posttreatment, OTC concentrations in the tilapia fillets were below the limit of quantitation (13 ng/g) of the method. Linear regression of the mathematical model of data analysis presented a coefficient of 0.9962. The elimination half- life for OTC in tilapia fillet and the withdrawal period were 1.65 and 6 days, respectively, considering a percentile of 99% with 95% of confidence and a maximum residue limit of 100 ng/g. Even though the study was carried out in the winter under practical conditions where water temperature varied, the results obtained are similar to others from studies conducted under controlled temperature.

Growth, body composition and hematology of juvenile pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus) fed increasing levels of ractopamine

The effects of four levels of dietary ractopamine (RAC) on growth, body composition and hematology of pacu, Piaractus mesopotamicus juveniles (103.6+/-3.3g) were studied. Fish were housed into 12 circular tanks of 1 m(3) - 15 fish per tank - and fed for 60 days with practical diets supplemented with 0; 10; 20 or 40mg RAC per kg of diet, in a totally randomized design trial (n=3). Fish fed diets containing up to 40mg RAC/kg diet for 60 days did not have improved growth or body composition parameters. There were no significant differences in hematocrit, hemoglobin and mean corpuscular hemoglobin. Plasma glucose and triglycerides were significantly smaller in fish fed with RAC; however no significant differences between RAC levels were detected. The inclusion of up to 40mg RAC/kg of diet did not improve growth and body composition, but influenced some hematological and biochemical parameters of juvenile pacu.

The fatty acid profiles and energetic substrates of two Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus, Linnaeus) strains, Red-Stirling and Chitralada, and their hybrid

Protein and lipid content as well as the fatty acid (FA) composition of storage tissues were analysed in two varieties of Oreochromis niloticus (Red-Stirling and Chitralada) and their hybrid. The animals were maintained in cages for 11 months. The samples were taken when the animals weighed 10, 50, 100, 250 and 500 g. The results showed that changes in the metabolic processes occur during an increase in body mass in both varieties of tilapia and also their hybrid, but that these differences are not found in animals collected at the commercial weight. The protein content of the fillet and liver decreased with growth and the same protein content associated with growth was found for fillet lipid content. The genetic variety did not influence the FA profile of the fillet, but different genotypes had different hepatic FA compositions. Even with the same lipid content, the hepatocytes of Chitralada accumulated higher levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) n6 in triglycerides and increased C22:6n3 in the hepatocyte membranes. The higher n6PUFA content was compensated by a lower fraction of saturated FA in the hepatocyte triglycerides. The skin of Chitralada also had higher n6PUFA and C22:6n3 contents, suggesting a higher ability to deposit PUFA in the skin due to alterations in the liver synthetic pathway.

Performance of juveniles of Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum fed graded levels of corn gluten meal

The objective of this work was to evaluate corn gluten meal (CGM) as a substitute for fish meal in diets for striped catfish (Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum) juveniles. Eight isonitrogenous (46% crude protein) and isoenergetic (3,450 kcal kg(-1) digestible energy) diets, with increasing levels of CGM - 0, 6, 12, 18, 24, 30, 36, and 42%-, were fed to juvenile striped catfish (113.56 +/- 5.10 g) for seven weeks. Maximum values for weight gain, specific growth rate, protein efficiency ratio and feed conversion ratio, evaluated by polynomial quadratic regression, were observed with 10.4, 11.4, 15.4 and 15% of CGM inclusion, respectively. Feed intake decreased significantly from 0.8% CGM. Mesenteric fat index and body gross energy decreased linearly with increasing levels of CGM; minimum body protein contents were observed with 34.1% CGM. Yellow pigmentation of fillets significantly increased until 26.5% CGM, and decreased from this point forth. Both plasma glucose and protein concentrations decreased with increased CGM levels. The inclusion of 10-15% CGM promotes optimum of striped catfish juveniles depending on the parameter evaluated. Yellow coloration in fillets produced by CGM diets can have marketing implications.

Abordagem dos temas alimentação e nutrição no material didático do ensino fundamental: interface com segurança alimentar e nutricional e parâmetros curriculares nacionais

A Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional (SAN) deve ser assegurada a todos. A escola é ambiente propício à formação de hábitos saudáveis e à construção de cidadania. Os Parâmetros Curriculares Nacionais (PCNs) orientam a promoção de concepções de saúde de modo transversal no currículo escolar. Este estudo teve como objetivo identificar e analisar a abordagem dos temas alimentação e nutrição no material didático do ensino fundamental e sua interface com o conceito de SAN e com os PCNs. Foi realizada pesquisa documental mediante o material didático de 5ª a 8ª séries do ensino fundamental da rede pública do Estado de São Paulo. A presença difusa do tema alimentação e nutrição na maioria das disciplinas, por todos os bimestres, nas quatro séries, traz à tona a interdisciplinaridade em saúde. Verificou-se que os PCNs estão relacionados ao conceito de SAN nos seus diversos aspectos e que a maioria das disciplinas contém temas que abordam esta relação. Na interface entre os temas, destaca-se a promoção da saúde e a produção dos alimentos. A metodologia utilizada no material didático apresenta o tema, mas não o conteúdo correlato, o que impossibilitou a análise de sua adequação. Conclui-se que existe a abordagem dos temas relacionados à alimentação e nutrição no material didático, alguns de forma inconsistente, e cabe aos educadores a seleção do conteúdo e da estratégia adequada, além de sua constante atualização, o que está sendo proposto pelo Estado, mas não está ao alcance de todos os profissionais e, portanto, ainda depende da iniciativa de cada docente.

Modulation of plasma levels and percentages of incorporation of ω-3 PUFAs in egg yolk under the influence of supplementation sources rich in omega 3 to diet of laying

Hundred forty-four Shaver White laying hens were used over a 4 week experimental period to investigate the effect of 3% of soybean oil, corn oil (MIL), canola oil, flaxseed oil (LIN), salmon oil (SAL) or tuna and sardine oil (SR/AT) added to the diets, upon the fatty acid egg yolk composition, blood plasma levels and incorporation time of each fatty acid into the egg yolk. Hens were allocated into 72 cages and the experimental design was a 6 x 6 randomized factorial model. Hens fed 3% of different oils, responded with increased polyunsaturated fatty acids omega 3 (ω-3 PUFAs), except for corn oil. The addition of flaxseed, soybean or corn oil into the diet increased the PUFAs levels into the egg yolk and in the blood plasma. Adding tuna and sardine oil into the diet increased the concentration of yolk saturated fatty acids. The levels of ω-3 PUFAs were increased in the tuna and sardine oil treatment, while the flaxseed oil increased the plasma fatty acids. The deposition of 349.28 mg/yolk of a-linolenic fatty acids (ALA) was higher in the group fed LIN, while the higher equal to 157.13 mg DHA/yolk was observed in group SR/AT. In the plasma, deposition increased from 0.33% (MIL) for 6.29% ALA (LIN), while that of DHA increase of 0.47% (MIL) for 4.24% (SAL) and 4.48% (SR/AT) and of 0.98% (MIL) for 6.14% (SR/AT) and 8.44% (LIN) of ω-3 PUFAs. The percentage of EPA into the yolk and plasma was higher for the hens fed 3% tuna and sardine oil diet, as well as the levels of yolk DHA. The concentration of DHA into the plasma was higher for the salmon and tuna/sardine oil treatments. The PUFAs yolk decreased during the first eight days of experiment, while the ω-3 PUFAs increased during the same period. The concentration of ALA increased until ten days of experiment, while the percentage of EPA and DHA increased up to the eighth experimental day

Lipid profile of the yolk under the influence of supplementaries sources rich in Ω-3 PUFAs in the diet of laying hens in the time

Two hundred eighty-eight 32-wk-old Hisex White laying hens were used in this research during a 10 weeks period, arranged in a 2 x 5 completely randomized factorial design, with three replicates of eight birds per treatment. Two groups: fish oil (OP) and Marine Algae (AM) with five DHA levels (120, 180, 240, 300 and 360 mg/100 g diet) were assigned including two control groups birds fed corn and soybean basal diet (CON) and a diet supplemented with AM (AM420) to study the effect of time 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 weeks (wk) on the efficiency of egg yolk fatty acid enrichment. The means varied (p<0.01) of 17.63% (OP360) to 22.08% (AM420) is the total Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (PUFAs) and 45.8 mg/g (OP360), 40.37 mg/g (OP360, 4 wk) to 65.82 mg/g (AM420) and 68.79 mg/g/yolk (AM120, 8 wk) for n-6 PUFAs. On the influence of sources and levels in the times, the means of n-3 PUFAs increased by 5.58 mg/g (AM120, 2 wk) to 14.16 mg/g (OP360, 6 wk) when compared to average of 3.34 mg PUFAs Ω/g/yolk (CON). Usually, the means DHA also increased from 22.34 (CON) to 176.53 mg (μ, OP360), 187.91 mg (OP360, 8 wk) and 192.96 mg (OP360, 6 wk) and 134.18 mg (μ, OP360), 135.79 mg (AM420, 6 wk), 149.75 mg DHA (AM420, 8 wk) per yolk. The opposite was observed for the means AA, so the effect of the sources, levels and times, decreased (P <0.01) of 99.83 mg (CON) to 31.99 mg (OP360, 4 wk), 40.43 mg (μ, OP360) to 61.21 mg (AM420) and 71.51 mg AA / yolk (μ, AM420). Variations of the average weight of 15.75g (OP360) to 17.08g (AM420) yolks of eggs de 32.55% (AM420) to 34.08% (OP360) of total lipids and 5.28 g (AM240) to 5.84 g (AM120) of fat in the yolk were not affected (p>0.05) by treatments, sources, levels and times studied. Starting of 2 week, the hens increased the level of n-3 PUFAs in the egg yolks, being expressively increased (p<0.01) until 4 weeks, which after the increased levels of n-3 PUFAs tended to if stabilize around of time of 8 experimental weeks, when it was more effective saturation of the tissues and yolk.

Novos desafios da pesquisa em nutrição e produção animal.

Os organizadores autorizam a reprodução total ou parcial deste trabalho, para qualquer meio convencional ou eletrônico, para fins de estudo e pesquisa, desde que citada a fonte.

O reflexo da nutrição na qualidade do sêmen em reprodutores suínos-suplementação com vitamina A e selênio orgânico

Os organizadores autorizam a reprodução total ou parcial deste trabalho, para qualquer meio convencional ou eletrônico, para fins de estudo e pesquisa, desde que citada a fonte.

Effects of trophic levels (chlorophyll and phosphorous content) in three different water bodies (urban lake, reservoir and aquaculture facility) on gill morphology of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

Histological and ultrastructural analyses of gills were observed in Nile tilapia collected from three different waterbodies in southeast Brazil: an urban lake in a park in the city of São Paulo, a reservoir in a rural city, and a commercial aquaculture facility. These aterbodies were analyzed and classified as hypereutrophic, eutrophic, and supereutrophic, respectively, with 310.00, 94.00, 28.00 of phosphate (PO2_ 4 lg L _1) and 65.49, 24.95, 12.83 of chlorophyll (lg L _1). A significant difference in the histological alterations index (HAI) was observed only in fish from the urban lake, with the presence of cell hypertrophy, hyperplasia, aneurism, and other alterations. When compared to the other groups, a large quantity of rodlet cells was also observed in the urban group. These results demonstrate the correlation of eutrophic states of water with gill morphology. Also discussed is the premise that large amounts of organic material dissolved in water can alter the morphology of the fish gills