The dynamical state of galaxy groups and their luminosity content

We analyse the dependence of the luminosity function (LF) of galaxies in groups on group dynamical state. We use the Gaussianity of the velocity distribution of galaxy members as a measurement of the dynamical equilibrium of groups identified in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey Data Release 7 by Zandivarez & Martinez. We apply the Anderson-Darling goodness-of-fit test to distinguish between groups according to whether they have Gaussian or non-Gaussian velocity distributions, i.e. whether they are relaxed or not. For these two subsamples, we compute the (0.1)r-band LF as a function of group virial mass and group total luminosity. For massive groups, , we find statistically significant differences between the LF of the two subsamples: the LFs of groups that have Gaussian velocity distributions have a brighter characteristic absolute magnitude (similar to 0.3 mag) and a steeper faint-end slope (similar to 0.25). We detect a similar effect when comparing the LF of bright [M-0.1r(group) - 5log(h) < -23.5] Gaussian and non-Gaussian groups. Our results indicate that, for massive/luminous groups, the dynamical state of the system is directly related to the luminosity of its galaxy members.

THE SLOAN DIGITAL SKY SURVEY CO-ADD: A GALAXY PHOTOMETRIC REDSHIFT CATALOG

We present and describe a catalog of galaxy photometric redshifts (photo-z) for the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) Co-add Data. We use the artificial neural network (ANN) technique to calculate the photo-z and the nearest neighbor error method to estimate photo-z errors for similar to 13 million objects classified as galaxies in the co-add with r < 24.5. The photo-z and photo-z error estimators are trained and validated on a sample of similar to 83,000 galaxies that have SDSS photometry and spectroscopic redshifts measured by the SDSS Data Release 7 (DR7), the Canadian Network for Observational Cosmology Field Galaxy Survey, the Deep Extragalactic Evolutionary Probe Data Release 3, the VIsible imaging Multi-Object Spectrograph-Very Large Telescope Deep Survey, and the WiggleZ Dark Energy Survey. For the best ANN methods we have tried, we find that 68% of the galaxies in the validation set have a photo-z error smaller than sigma(68) = 0.031. After presenting our results and quality tests, we provide a short guide for users accessing the public data.

Shape differences rather than size differences between castes in the Neotropical swarm-founding wasp Metapolybia docilis (Hymenoptera: Vespidae, Epiponini)

Abstract Background Swarm-founding epiponine wasps are an intriguing group of social insects in which colonies are polygynic (several queens share reproduction) and differentiation between castes is often not obvious. However, caste differences in some may be more pronounced in later phases of the colony cycle. Results Using morphometric analyses and multivariate statistics, it was found that caste differences in Metapolybia docilis are slight but more distinct in latter stages of the colony cycle. Conclusions Because differences in body parts are so slight, it is proposed that such variation may be due to differential growth rates of body parts rather than to queens being larger in size, similar to other previously observed epiponines.

Testes de vigor em sementes de alface

O vigor da semente tem sido avaliado por meio de testes fisiológicos, bioquímicos e de tolerância a estresse. Mais recentemente, com o uso da análise computadorizada de imagens de plântulas, podem ser obtidas informações objetivas, em período relativamente curto, com menor interferência humana. O objetivo nesta pesquisa foi identificar testes eficientes para avaliação do vigor de sementes de alface, com ênfase para a análise de imagens digitais de plântulas. Sementes de 12 lotes (seis da cultivar Vanda e seis da Vera) foram avaliadas por meio de testes de germinação, germinação a baixa temperatura (15ºC), emergência de plântulas e envelhecimento acelerado tradicional e com solução salina (NaCl 40%) saturada, a 41ºC/48 h e 41ºC/72 h. Utilizou-se, também, o sistema de análise computadorizada de imagens de plântulas (SVIS®), desenvolvido pela Ohio State University (EUA), que forneceu dados referentes ao índice de vigor, uniformidade e crescimento de plântulas. Os testes foram realizados a cada três meses, durante 12 meses de armazenamento, sob condições ambiente. Com base nos resultados obtidos, concluiu-se que os testes de envelhecimento acelerado com uso de solução saturada de NaCl, a 41ºC por 48 e 72 horas e de velocidade de germinação, e os parâmetros obtidos com o software SVIS, índice de crescimento de plântulas e comprimento da raiz primária, são eficientes na avaliação do vigor de lotes de sementes de alface.