Epistatic effects on grain yield of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill]

Studies addressing the estimation of genetic parameters in soybean have not emphasized the epistatic effects. The purpose of this study was to estimate the significance of these effects on soybean grain yield, based on the Modified Triple Test Cross design. Thirty-two inbred lines derived from a cross between two contrasting lines were used, which were crossed with two testers (L1 and L2). The experiments were carried out at two locations, in 10 x 10 triple lattice designs with 9 replications, containing 32 lines (Pi ), 64 crosses (32 Pi x L1 and 32 Pi x L2 ) and controls. The variation between ( ͞L1i + ͞L2i - ͞Pi ) revealed the presence of epistasis, as well as an interaction of epistasis x environment. Since the predominant component of epistasis in autogamous species is additive x additive (i type), we suggest postponing the selection for grain yield to later generations of inbreeding in order to exploit the beneficial effects of additive x additive epistasis.

Maize and soybeans production in integrated system under no-tillage with different pasture combinations and animal categories

The adoption of no-till system (NTS) combined with crop-livestock integration (CLI) has been a strategy promoted in Brazil, aiming to maximize areas yield and increase agribusiness profitability. This study aimed to evaluate grains yield and phytotechnical attributes from maize and soybean culture by CLI system under NTS after winter annual pure and diversified pastures with the absence or presence of grazing animals. The experiment was installed in Castro (Parana State, Brazil) on in a dystrophic Humic Rhodic Hapludox with a clay texture, using experimental design of randomized complete blocks in 4 x 2 factorial scheme with three replications. Treatments included four pasture combinations (diversified or pure) and animal categories (light and heavy) subjected or not to grazing animals during the winter. During 2008/09 and 2009/10 summers, the area was cultivated with soybeans and maize, respectively, with yield assessment of grains and phytotechnical attributes. Treatments did not alter the yield and weight of a thousand seeds (WTS) of soybeans. In maize culture, the grazing animal during the winter increased the plant population and grains yield, but gave slight decrease in WTS. Pasture combinations (diversified or pure) and animal categories (light and heavy) did not interfere in soybean culture, but benefited the maize crop.

Institutional arrangements in the emerging biodiesel industry: Case studies from Minas Gerais-Brazil

Connecting (small) family farmers to the emerging biodiesel industry requires careful design of the institutional arrangements between the producers of oil crops and the processing companies. According to institutional economics theory, the design of effective and efficient arrangements depends on production and transaction characteristics, the institutional environment, and the organizational environment supporting the transaction between producers and the industry. This paper presents a comparative study on two cases in the feedstock-for-biodiesel industry in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. The two case studies represent the production and transaction system of soybeans (Glycine max L Merrill) and castor beans (Ricinus communis L). Important elements of effective and efficient institutional arrangements are farmer collective action, availability of technical and financial support, and farmer experience with particular crops. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

ASSESSING Bemisia tabaci (GENN.) BIOTYPE B RESISTANCE IN SOYBEAN GENOTYPES: ANTIXENOSIS AND ANTIBIOSIS

Since it was first reported in Brazil in the 1990s, the B biotype of silverleaf whitefly (Bemisia tabaci [Genn.], Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) has been recognized as an important pest in soybeans (Glycine max L.), reducing the productivity of this legume species in some areas of the country. As an alternative to chemical control, the use of resistant genotypes represents an important tool for integrated pest management (IPM). This study evaluated the performance of 10 soybean genotypes prior to whitefly infestation, by testing attractiveness and preference for oviposition in the greenhouse and antibiosis in the laboratory. In a multiple-choice test, 'IAC-17' was the least attractive to insects. In a no-choice test, 'IAC-17' was the least attractive for, egg deposition, indicating the occurrence of non-preference for oviposition on this genotype. Trichome density was positively correlated with the oviposition site and may be associated with the resistance of 'IAC-17' to infestation. The genotypes 'IAC-PL1', 'IAC-19', 'Conquista', 'IAC-24' and 'IAC-17' extended the insect's life cycle, indicating the occurrence of a small degree of antibiosis and/or non-preference for feeding.

Adubação mineral com cobalto e molibdênio na cultura da soja

Altas produtividades de soja requerem grandes quantidades de nitrogênio, que podem ser obtidas principalmente, a partir da fixação simbiótica. No entanto, há possibilidade da eficiência desse processo biológico ser prejudicada pela deficiência de micronutrientes, especialmente de cobalto e molibdênio. Nesse contexto, objetivou-se com o presente trabalho avaliar a eficiência agronômica e a forma de aplicação de adubação mineral com cobalto e molibdênio na cultura da soja. Para tanto, a cultivar CD-206 foi submetida a diferentes tratamentos que consistiram da combinação entre aplicação de Co e Mo via tratamento de sementes e adubação foliar. As características agronômicas avaliadas foram o número de nódulos, massa seca da parte aérea, massa seca de raiz, número de vagens, número de grãos, massa de mil grãos e produção de grãos. A aplicação de molibdênio e cobalto via sementes e/ ou adubação foliar no estádio V4 (terceira folha trifoliolada completamente desenvolvida, quarto nó) promoveram incrementos significativos no rendimento da cultura. Respostas positivas ao cobalto e molibdênio também foram observadas no número de nódulos, vagens e grãos, com aumentos de até 240 kg ha-1 no rendimento da cultura. Os parâmetros agronômicos avaliados foram afetados positivamente pela aplicação de Co e Mo, principalmente quanto aplicado tanto via semente como foliar (TS + V4), inclusive para a produtividade de grãos. A forma de aplicação não foi significativamente distinta, ou seja, tanto a aplicação via semente como via foliar foram eficientes no fornecimento destes nutrientes para a cultura da soja.

Análise de imagens na avaliação de danos mecânicos em sementes de soja

A injúria mecânica é um dos mais importantes fatores na redução da qualidade de sementes de soja. Neste contexto, este trabalho objetivou avaliar a influência da pressão de impacto e o teor de água em sementes, bem como a aplicabilidade da técnica de análise de imagens, na ocorrência de danos mecânicos em sementes de soja. Sementes das cultivares Vencedora e Monsoy 8001, com teores de água de 13% e 18%, foram submetidas a danos mecânicos, com a utilização de equipamento simulador de impactos (551,6 KPa e 965,3 KPa). Posteriormente, as sementes foram secas a 32ºC, até atingirem 12% de teor de água. Imediatamente após os impactos e após cinco meses de armazenamento, as sementes foram avaliadas pelos testes de tetrazólio e raios X. A pressão de impacto e o teor de água nas sementes exerceram efeitos diretos na severidade do dano mecânico, porém, o local do impacto exerceu maior influência do que aqueles fatores. A técnica de análise de imagens foi de grande utilidade na avaliação de danos mecânicos em sementes de soja, possibilitando a análise detalhada dos efeitos de diferentes fatores.