Voxelwise evaluation of white matter volumes in first-episode psychosis

The occurrence of white matter (WM) abnormalities in psychotic disorders has been suggested by several studies investigating brain pathology and diffusion tensor measures, but evidence assessing regional WM morphometry is still scarce and conflicting. In the present study, 122 individuals with first-episode psychosis (FEP) (62 fulfilling criteria for schizophrenia/schizophreniform disorder, 26 psychotic bipolar I disorder, and 20 psychotic major depressive disorder) underwent magnetic resonance imaging, as well as 94 epidemiologically recruited controls. Images were processed with the Statistical Parametric Mapping (SPM2) package, and voxel-based morphometry was used to compare groups (t-test) and subgroups (ANOVA). Initially, no regional WM abnormalities were observed when both groups (overall FEP group versus controls) and subgroups (i.e., schizophrenia/schizophreniform, psychotic bipolar I disorder, psychotic depression, and controls) were compared. However, when the voxelwise analyses were repeated excluding subjects with comorbid substance abuse or dependence, the resulting statistical maps revealed a focal volumetric reduction in right frontal WM, corresponding to the right middle frontal gyral WM/third subcomponent of the superior longitudinal fasciculus, in subjects with schizophrenia/schizophreniform disorder (n = 40) relative to controls (n = 89). Our results suggest that schizophrenia/schizophreniform disorder is associated with right frontal WM volume decrease at an early course of the illness. (c) 2012 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

Structural synaptic elements are differentially regulated in superior temporal cortex of schizophrenia patients

Inaccurate wiring and synaptic pathology appear to be major hallmarks of schizophrenia. A variety of gene products involved in synaptic neurotransmission and receptor signaling are differentially expressed in brains of schizophrenia patients. However, synaptic pathology may also develop by improper expression of intra- and extra-cellular structural elements weakening synaptic stability. Therefore, we have investigated transcription of these elements in the left superior temporal gyrus of 10 schizophrenia patients and 10 healthy controls by genome-wide microarrays (Illumina). Fourteen up-regulated and 22 downregulated genes encoding structural elements were chosen from the lists of differentially regulated genes for further qRT-PCR analysis. Almost all genes confirmed by this method were downregulated. Their gene products belonged to vesicle-associated proteins, that is, synaptotagmin 6 and syntaxin 12, to cytoskeletal proteins, like myosin 6, pleckstrin, or to proteins of the extracellular matrix, such as collagens, or laminin C3. Our results underline the pivotal roles of structural genes that control formation and stabilization of pre- and post-synaptic elements or influence axon guidance in schizophrenia. The glial origin of collagen or laminin highlights the close interrelationship between neurons and glial cells in establishment and maintenance of synaptic strength and plasticity. It is hypothesized that abnormal expression of these and related genes has a major impact on the pathophysiology of schizophrenia.

Relações entre experiências anômalas tipicamente contemporâneas, transtornos mentais e experiências espirituais

Background: The anomalous experiences are often an explanatory challenge for psychiatry and psychology about how and why they occur, in addition to signaling gaps in knowledge about human psychological functioning, as hallucinations in non-clinical populations. Objective: It aims to investigate possible psychopathological dimensions of Brazilian samples of persons who claim distinctively contemporary anomalous experiences. Methods: It was used the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview, detailed version (MINI PLUS) and the nine diagnostic criteria for the distinction between spiritual experiences and mental disorders with religious content developed by Menezes Junior and Moreira-Almeida. Results: There was evidence that the experiences are typically healthy, although there are indicators of pre-morbid characteristics in the childhood and adolescence of the protagonists of the more complex experiments. There is profitable intersections with healthy squizotype profile, which is still poorly understood. Discussion: The absence of formal mental disorders does not exhaust the possible relations between contemporary anomalous experiences and the mental health field, but reveals complexities that characterize the everyday culture. Martins LB, Zangari W / Rev Psiq Clin. 2012; 39(6): 198-202

Fenômenos alucinatórios auditivos em pacientes com zumbido: relações afetivas e aspectos depressivos

INTRODUÇÃO: Nos últimos anos, identificamos um número crescente de pacientes com zumbido que também referiam percepções repetidas de sons complexos, como músicas e vozes. Tais fenômenos alucinatórios nos instigaram a estudar suas possíveis relações com o psiquismo destes pacientes. OBJETIVOS: avaliar se os fenômenos alucinatórios dos pacientes com zumbido têm relação com psicose e/ou depressão, além de esclarecer seu conteúdo e função no psiquismo. MÉTODO: Dez sujeitos (8 mulheres, idade média de 65,7 anos), selecionados por otorrinolaringologistas, foram avaliados pela mesma psicóloga por meio de entrevista semi-dirigida, Escala para Depressão de Hamilton e entrevistas psicanalíticas. RESULTADOS: Nenhum dos pacientes apresentou relação dos fenômenos auditivos com psicose, mas sim com aspectos depressivos. O discurso dos pacientes evidenciou que os fenômenos apresentam funções inconscientes na vida afetiva de cada um. A forte tendência à rememoração/repetição de fatos/situações desagradáveis foi marcante em todos os casos, tendendo a exacerbar o incômodo com o zumbido, com os fenômenos alucinatórios e a piorar aspectos depressivos. CONCLUSÕES: Há uma importante relação entre zumbido, fenômenos alucinatórios e depressão, sustentada na rememoração persistente de fatos/situações que causam sofrimentos psíquicos. O conhecimento destes achados representa mais um passo em direção à necessidade de particularizar o tratamento deste subgrupo de pacientes com zumbido, envolvendo equipe multidisciplinar. Prospectivo.