Contextual Reading and Metalinguistic Processing in Brazilian Portuguese: A Longitudinal Study

Metalinguistic skill is the ability to reflect upon language as an object of thought. Amongst metalinguistic skills, two seem to be associated with reading and spelling: morphological awareness and phonological awareness. Phonological awareness is the ability of reflecting upon the phonemes that compose words, and morphological awareness is the ability of reflecting upon the morphemes that compose the words. The latter seems to be particularly important for reading comprehension and contextual reading, as beyond phonological information, syntactic and semantic information are required. This study is set to investigate - with a longitudinal design - the relation between those abilities and contextual reading measured by the Cloze test. The first part of the study explores the relationship between morphological awareness tasks and Cloze scores through simple correlations and, in the second part, the specificity of such relationship was inquired using multiple regressions. The results give some support to the hypothesis that morphological awareness offers an independent contribution regarding phonological awareness to contextual reading in Brazilian Portuguese.

DeCS terminology and the new rules on orthography of Portuguese language: guidelines for an update

PURPOSE: To indicate orthographic changes to be used as a basic reference for professionals, researchers, doctors, teachers, students and users, which are directly linked and performing activities in health services in general, aimed at implementing the correct orthography in recovery and production of their scientific studies. METHODS: For data collection, were shown some examples of terminology DeCS (Descriptors in Health Science) analyzed according to the current spelling and compared with the Orthographic Vocabulary of Portuguese Language (VOLP). RESULTS: It was select and listed examples of key words and/or terms related to Health Sciences, which was compared to the respective rules of the Orthographic Agreement of Portuguese Language, and divided into three items: graphical accentuation, the non use of dieresis and exceptions and, the use of hyphen. CONCLUSION: This study show some guidelines for the orthographic alterations of the terms used by scientific community, according the new orthographic rules, contributing for the efficiency in the description of the documents and consequently in their recovery.

Speech Graphs Provide a Quantitative Measure of Thought Disorder in Psychosis

Background: Psychosis has various causes, including mania and schizophrenia. Since the differential diagnosis of psychosis is exclusively based on subjective assessments of oral interviews with patients, an objective quantification of the speech disturbances that characterize mania and schizophrenia is in order. In principle, such quantification could be achieved by the analysis of speech graphs. A graph represents a network with nodes connected by edges; in speech graphs, nodes correspond to words and edges correspond to semantic and grammatical relationships. Methodology/Principal Findings: To quantify speech differences related to psychosis, interviews with schizophrenics, manics and normal subjects were recorded and represented as graphs. Manics scored significantly higher than schizophrenics in ten graph measures. Psychopathological symptoms such as logorrhea, poor speech, and flight of thoughts were grasped by the analysis even when verbosity differences were discounted. Binary classifiers based on speech graph measures sorted schizophrenics from manics with up to 93.8% of sensitivity and 93.7% of specificity. In contrast, sorting based on the scores of two standard psychiatric scales (BPRS and PANSS) reached only 62.5% of sensitivity and specificity. Conclusions/Significance: The results demonstrate that alterations of the thought process manifested in the speech of psychotic patients can be objectively measured using graph-theoretical tools, developed to capture specific features of the normal and dysfunctional flow of thought, such as divergence and recurrence. The quantitative analysis of speech graphs is not redundant with standard psychometric scales but rather complementary, as it yields a very accurate sorting of schizophrenics and manics. Overall, the results point to automated psychiatric diagnosis based not on what is said, but on how it is said.

Mini-Mental State Examination sentence writing among community-dwelling elderly adults in Brazil: text fluency and grammar complexity

Background: In normal aging, the decrease in the syntactic complexity of written production is usually associated with cognitive deficits. This study was aimed to analyze the quality of older adults' textual production indicated by verbal fluency (number of words) and grammatical complexity (number of ideas) in relation to gender, age, schooling, and cognitive status. Methods: From a probabilistic sample of community-dwelling people aged 65 years and above (n = 900), 577 were selected on basis of their responses to the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) sentence writing, which were submitted to content analysis; 323 were excluded as they left the item blank or performed illegible or not meaningful responses. Education adjusted cut-off scores for the MMSE were used to classify the participants as cognitively impaired or unimpaired. Total and subdomain MMSE scores were computed. Results: 40.56% of participants whose answers to the MMSE sentence were excluded from the analyses had cognitive impairment compared to 13.86% among those whose answers were included. The excluded participants were older and less educated. Women and those older than 80 years had the lowest scores in the MMSE. There was no statistically significant relationship between gender, age, schooling, and textual performance. There was a modest but significant correlation between number of words written and the scores in the Language subdomain. Conclusions: Results suggest the strong influence of schooling and age over MMSE sentence performance. Failing to write a sentence may suggest cognitive impairment, yet, instructions for the MMSE sentence, i.e. to produce a simple sentence, may limit its clinical interpretation.

Nutritional strategies of physically active subjects with muscle dysmorphia

Abstract Background The aim of this study was to identify dietary strategies for physically active individuals with muscle dysmorphia based on a systematic literature review. Method References were included if the study population consisted of adults over 18 years old who were physically active in fitness centers. We identified reports through an electronic search ofScielo, Lilacs and Medline using the following keywords: muscle dysmorphia, vigorexia, distorted body image, and exercise. We found eight articles in Scielo, 17 in Medline and 12 in Lilacs. Among the total number of 37 articles, only 17 were eligible for inclusion in this review. Results The results indicated that the feeding strategies used by physically active individuals with muscle dysmorphia did not include planning or the supervision of a nutritionist. Diet included high protein and low fat foods and the ingestion of dietary and ergogenic supplements to reduce weight. Conclusion Physically active subjects with muscle dysmorphia could benefit from the help of nutritional professionals to evaluate energy estimation, guide the diet and its distribution in macronutrient and consider the principle of nutrition to functional recovery of the digestive process, promote liver detoxification, balance and guide to organic adequate intake of supplemental nutrients and other substances.

Relação entre conhecimento explícito da ortografia e desempenho ortográfico

Aprender a escrever demanda, além do domínio do sistema alfabético, aprendizagem da ortografia. Apesar do caráter convencional e reprodutivo das regras ortográficas, é reconhecido que a apropriação dessas não é um processo passivo. Pesquisas sugerem que o desempenho ortográfico varia em função do nível de elaboração das representações ortográficas do aprendiz. Neste estudo investigamos a relação entre desempenho ortográfico e nível de explicitação do conhecimento ortográfico de 22 crianças da 4ª série do Ensino Fundamental. Estas realizaram três atividades: ditado de frases, escrita com violação proposital da ortografia e entrevista. Os resultados mostram relação entre desempenho ortográfico e natureza da violação da ortografia. As crianças com melhor desempenho ortográfico violaram a ortografia de forma a não alterar a fonologia das palavras, demonstrando também maior conhecimento explícito das regras ortográficas. Esses dados sugerem a importância de introduzir no ensino da escrita atividades que favoreçam a reflexão sobre a ortografia.

Advérbios modalizadores discursivos, advérbios de comentário avaliativos ou palavras modais?: um estudo comparativo das descrições gramaticais do item lexical advérbio em português e alemão

Este artigo apresenta contrastivamente os diferentes tipos de categorização gramatical do item lexical advérbio em uma gramática brasileira e em duas alemãs. O objetivo é apontar a complexidade de descrição do advérbio em uma classe única. A característica heterogeneidade do advérbio é exemplificada por três tipos de advérbio: advérbios modalizadores discursivos (CASTILHO 2010), advérbios de comentário (DUDEN 2006) e palavras modais (HELBIG & BUSCHA 2001).

Vocabulário, consciência fonológica e nomeação rápida: contribuições para a ortografia e elaboração escrita

OBJETIVO: Avaliar se o desempenho em provas de linguagem é preditivo do domínio ortográfico e da qualidade da produção escrita. MÉTODOS: Participaram deste estudo 82 alunos do 4º ano do Ensino Fundamental de escolas públicas e privadas da região Oeste da Grande São Paulo, na faixa etária entre 9 anos e 10 anos e 2 meses de idade. A bateria de provas e testes deste estudo envolveu a avaliação de vocabulário expressivo, tarefas de consciência fonológica e nomeação seriada rápida de objetos, ditado de palavras e pseudopalavras, e elaboração de redação a partir de estímulo visual. Os dados foram submetidos a análise estatística para verificação da correlação entre todas as provas. RESULTADOS: Os resultados indicaram que o melhor nível de vocabulário se correlacionou a um menor número de erros de ortografia e a uma melhor qualidade da redação, em todas as categorias analisadas. Assim como, o melhor desempenho em tarefas de consciência fonológica e de nomeação rápida de objetos se correlacionaram a menos erros de ortografia e melhor estrutura sintática e gramatical na produção do texto escrito. CONCLUSÃO: As habilidades linguísticas analisadas foram preditivas do desempenho ortográfico. A habilidade de vocabulário foi preditiva da qualidade de elaboração escrita. No entanto, a consciência fonológica e a nomeação seriada rápida predizem apenas o desempenho relacionado à estrutura sintática e gramatical da geração do texto escrito.