Use of Gas Diffusion Electrode for the In Situ Generation of Hydrogen Peroxide in an Electrochemical Flow-By Reactor

Hydrogen peroxide is a powerful oxidant that finds application in several areas, but most particularly in the treatment of industrial wastewaters. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of applied potential and electrolyte flow conditions on the in situ generation of hydrogen peroxide in an electrochemical flow-by reactor with a gas diffusion electrode (GDE). The electrolyses were performed in an aqueous acidic medium using a GDE constructed with conductive black graphite and polytetrafluoroethylene (80:20 w/w). Under laminar flow conditions (flow rate = 50 L/h), hydrogen peroxide was formed in a maximum yield of 414 mg/L after 2 h at -2.25 V vs Pt //Ag/AgCl (global rate constant = 3.1 mg/(L min); energy consumption = 22.1 kWh/kg). Under turbulent flow (300 L/h), the maximum yield obtained was 294 mg/L after 2 h at -1.75 V vs Pt//Ag/AgCl (global rate constant = 2.5 mg/ (L min); energy consumption = 30.1 kWh/kg).

Weakly anomalous diffusion with non-Gaussian propagators

A poorly understood phenomenon seen in complex systems is diffusion characterized by Hurst exponent H approximate to 1/2 but with non-Gaussian statistics. Motivated by such empirical findings, we report an exact analytical solution for a non-Markovian random walk model that gives rise to weakly anomalous diffusion with H = 1/2 but with a non-Gaussian propagator.

Alzheimer random walk model: Two previously overlooked diffusion regimes

A non-Markovian one-dimensional random walk model is studied with emphasis on the phase-diagram, showing all the diffusion regimes, along with the exactly determined critical lines. The model, known as the Alzheimer walk, is endowed with memory-controlled diffusion, responsible for the model's long-range correlations, and is characterized by a rich variety of diffusive regimes. The importance of this model is that superdiffusion arises due not to memory per se, but rather also due to loss of memory. The recently reported numerically and analytically estimated values for the Hurst exponent are hereby reviewed. We report the finding of two, previously overlooked, phases, namely, evanescent log-periodic diffusion and log-periodic diffusion with escape, both with Hurst exponent H = 1/2. In the former, the log-periodicity gets damped, whereas in the latter the first moment diverges. These phases further enrich the already intricate phase diagram. The results are discussed in the context of phase transitions, aging phenomena, and symmetry breaking.

Fiber architecture in remodeled myocardium revealed with a quantitative diffusion CMR tractography framework and histological validation

Background: The study of myofiber reorganization in the remote zone after myocardial infarction has been performed in 2D. Microstructural reorganization in remodeled hearts, however, can only be fully appreciated by considering myofibers as continuous 3D entities. The aim of this study was therefore to develop a technique for quantitative 3D diffusion CMR tractography of the heart, and to apply this method to quantify fiber architecture in the remote zone of remodeled hearts. Methods: Diffusion Tensor CMR of normal human, sheep, and rat hearts, as well as infarcted sheep hearts was performed ex vivo. Fiber tracts were generated with a fourth-order Runge-Kutta integration technique and classified statistically by the median, mean, maximum, or minimum helix angle (HA) along the tract. An index of tract coherence was derived from the relationship between these HA statistics. Histological validation was performed using phase-contrast microscopy. Results: In normal hearts, the subendocardial and subepicardial myofibers had a positive and negative HA, respectively, forming a symmetric distribution around the midmyocardium. However, in the remote zone of the infarcted hearts, a significant positive shift in HA was observed. The ratio between negative and positive HA variance was reduced from 0.96 +/- 0.16 in normal hearts to 0.22 +/- 0.08 in the remote zone of the remodeled hearts (p<0.05). This was confirmed histologically by the reduction of HA in the subepicardium from -52.03 degrees +/- 2.94 degrees in normal hearts to -37.48 degrees +/- 4.05 degrees in the remote zone of the remodeled hearts (p < 0.05). Conclusions: A significant reorganization of the 3D fiber continuum is observed in the remote zone of remodeled hearts. The positive (rightward) shift in HA in the remote zone is greatest in the subepicardium, but involves all layers of the myocardium. Tractography-based quantification, performed here for the first time in remodeled hearts, may provide a framework for assessing regional changes in the left ventricle following infarction.

EDGE-PRESERVING SPECKLE TEXTURE REMOVAL BY INTERFERENCE-BASED SPECKLE FILTERING FOLLOWED BY ANISOTROPIC DIFFUSION

Ultrasonography has an inherent noise pattern, called speckle, which is known to hamper object recognition for both humans and computers. Speckle noise is produced by the mutual interference of a set of scattered wavefronts. Depending on the phase of the wavefronts, the interference may be constructive or destructive, which results in brighter or darker pixels, respectively. We propose a filter that minimizes noise fluctuation while simultaneously preserving local gray level information. It is based on steps to attenuate the destructive and constructive interference present in ultrasound images. This filter, called interference-based speckle filter followed by anisotropic diffusion (ISFAD), was developed to remove speckle texture from B-mode ultrasound images, while preserving the edges and the gray level of the region. The ISFAD performance was compared with 10 other filters. The evaluation was based on their application to images simulated by Field II (developed by Jensen et al.) and the proposed filter presented the greatest structural similarity, 0.95. Functional improvement of the segmentation task was also measured, comparing rates of true positive, false positive and accuracy. Using three different segmentation techniques, ISFAD also presented the best accuracy rate (greater than 90% for structures with well-defined borders). (E-mail: fernando.okara@gmail.com) (C) 2012 World Federation for Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology.

Use of passive diffusion sampling method for defining NO2 concentrations gradient in São Paulo, Brazil

Abstract Background Air pollution in São Paulo is constantly being measured by the State of Sao Paulo Environmental Agency, however there is no information on the variation between places with different traffic densities. This study was intended to identify a gradient of exposure to traffic-related air pollution within different areas in São Paulo to provide information for future epidemiological studies. Methods We measured NO2 using Palmes' diffusion tubes in 36 sites on streets chosen to be representative of different road types and traffic densities in São Paulo in two one-week periods (July and August 2000). In each study period, two tubes were installed in each site, and two additional tubes were installed in 10 control sites. Results Average NO2 concentrations were related to traffic density, observed on the spot, to number of vehicles counted, and to traffic density strata defined by the city Traffic Engineering Company (CET). Average NO2concentrations were 63μg/m3 and 49μg/m3 in the first and second periods, respectively. Dividing the sites by the observed traffic density, we found: heavy traffic (n = 17): 64μg/m3 (95% CI: 59μg/m3 – 68μg/m3); local traffic (n = 16): 48μg/m3 (95% CI: 44μg/m3 – 52μg/m3) (p < 0.001). Conclusion The differences in NO2 levels between heavy and local traffic sites are large enough to suggest the use of a more refined classification of exposure in epidemiological studies in the city. Number of vehicles counted, traffic density observed on the spot and traffic density strata defined by the CET might be used as a proxy for traffic exposure in São Paulo when more accurate measurements are not available.

Comparison of disc diffusion, Etest and broth microdilution for testing susceptibility of carbapenem-resistant P. aeruginosa to polymyxins

Abstract Background Considering the increasing use of polymyxins to treat infections due to multidrug resistant Gram-negative in many countries, it is important to evaluate different susceptibility testing methods to this class of antibiotic. Methods Susceptibility of 109 carbapenem-resistant P. aeruginosa to polymyxins was tested comparing broth microdilution (reference method), disc diffusion, and Etest using the new interpretative breakpoints of Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Results Twenty-nine percent of isolates belonged to endemic clone and thus, these strains were excluded of analysis. Among 78 strains evaluated, only one isolate was resistant to polymyxin B by the reference method (MIC: 8.0 μg/mL). Very major and major error rates of 1.2% and 11.5% were detected comparing polymyxin B disc diffusion with the broth microdilution (reference method). Agreement within 1 twofold dilution between Etest and the broth microdilution were 33% for polymyxin B and 79.5% for colistin. One major error and 48.7% minor errors were found comparing polymyxin B Etest with broth microdilution and only 6.4% minor errors with colistin. The concordance between Etest and the broth microdilution (reference method) was respectively 100% for colistin and 90% for polymyxin B. Conclusion Resistance to polymyxins seems to be rare among hospital carbapenem-resistant P. aeruginosa isolates over a six-year period. Our results showed, using the new CLSI criteria, that the disc diffusion susceptibility does not report major errors (false-resistant results) for colistin. On the other hand, showed a high frequency of minor errors and 1 very major error for polymyxin B. Etest presented better results for colistin than polymyxin B. Until these results are reproduced with a large number of polymyxins-resistant P. aeruginosa isolates, susceptibility to polymyxins should be confirmed by a reference method.

Cytotoxicity tests for nanostructured chitosan/PEO membranes using the agar diffusion method

Electrospinning is used to produce fibers in the nanometer range by stretching a polymeric jet using electric fields of high magnitude. Chitosan is an abundant natural polymer that can be used to obtain biocompatible nanostructured membranes. The objectives of this work were to obtain nanostructured membranes based on blends of chitosan and polyoxyethylene (PEO), and evaluate their thermal and morphological properties, as well as their in vitro biocompatibility by agar diffusion cytotoxicity tests for three different cell lines. A nanostructured fibrous membrane with fiber diameters in the order of 200 nm was obtained, which presented a rough surface and thickness ranging from one to two millimeters. The results of the cytotoxicity tests evidenced that the chitosan/PEO membranes are non-toxic to the cells studied in this work. Further, the electrospinning technique was effective in obtaining nanostructured chitosan/PEO membranes, which showed biocompatibility according to in vitro preliminary tests using the cell lines.

Kinetic of water diffusion and color stability of a resin composite as a function of the curing tip distance

The influence of curing tip distance and storage time in the kinetics of water diffusion (water sorption-W SP, solubility-W SB, and net water uptake) and color stability of a composite were evaluated. Composite samples were polymerized at different distances (5, 10, and 15 mm) and compared to a control group (0 mm). After desiccation, the specimens were stored in distilled water to evaluate the water diffusion over a 120-day period. Net water uptake was calculated (sum of WSP and WSB). The color stability after immersion in a grape juice was compared to distilled water. Data were submitted to three-way ANOVA/Tukey's test (α = 5%). The higher distances caused higher net water uptake (p < 0.05). The immersion in the juice caused significantly higher color change as a function of curing tip distance and the time (p < 0.05). The distance of photoactivation and storage time provide the color alteration and increased net water uptake of the resin composite tested.

Anomalous diffusion evidenced by particle tracking at high frame rates.

Diffusion is a common phenomenon in nature and generally is associated with a system trying to reach a local or a global equilibrium state, as a result of highly irregular individual particle motion. Therefore it is of fundamental importance in physics, chemistry and biology. Particle tracking in complex fluids can reveal important characteristics of its properties. In living cells, we coat the microbead with a peptide (RGD) that binds to integrin receptors at the plasma membrane, which connects to the CSK. This procedure is based on the hypothesis that the microsphere can move only if the structure where it is attached move as well. Then, the observed trajectory of microbeads is a probe of the cytoskeleton (CSK), which is governed by several factors, including thermal diffusion, pressure gradients, and molecular motors. The possibility of separating the trajectories into passive and active diffusion may give information about the viscoelasticity of the cell structure and molecular motors activity. And also we could analyze the motion via generalized Stokes-Einstein relation, avoiding the use of any active techniques. Usually a 12 to 16 Frames Per Second (FPS) system is used to track the microbeads in cell for about 5 minutes. Several factors make this FPS limitation: camera computer communication, light, computer speed for online analysis among others. Here we used a high quality camera and our own software, developed in C++ and Linux, to reach high FPS. Measurements were conducted with samples for 10£ and 20£ objectives. We performed sequentially images with different intervals, all with 2 ¹s exposure. The sequences of intervals are in milliseconds: 4 5 ms (maximum speed) 14, 25, 50 and 100 FPS. Our preliminary results highlight the difference between passive and active diffusion, since the passive diffusion is represented by a Gaussian in the distribution of displacements of the center of mass of individual beads between consecutive frames. However, the active process, or anomalous diffusion, shows as long tails in the distribution of displacements.

Rotational diffusion membrane and fluorescence anisotropy.

Structural properties of model membranes, such as lipid vesicles, may be investigated through the addition of fluorescent probes. After incorporation, the fluorescent molecules are excited with linearly polarized light and the fluorescence emission is depolarized due to translational as well as rotational diffusion during the lifetime of the excited state. The monitoring of emitted light is undertaken through the technique of time-resolved fluorescence: the intensity of the emitted light informs on fluorescence decay times, and the decay of the components of the emitted light yield rotational correlation times which inform on the fluidity of the medium. The fluorescent molecule DPH, of uniaxial symmetry, is rather hydrophobic and has collinear transition and emission moments. It has been used frequently as a probe for the monitoring of the fluidity of the lipid bilayer along the phase transition of the chains. The interpretation of experimental data requires models for localization of fluorescent molecules as well as for possible restrictions on their movement. In this study, we develop calculations for two models for uniaxial diffusion of fluorescent molecules, such as DPH, suggested in several articles in the literature. A zeroth order test model consists of a free randomly rotating dipole in a homogeneous solution, and serves as the basis for the study of the diffusion of models in anisotropic media. In the second model, we consider random rotations of emitting dipoles distributed within cones with their axes perpendicular to the vesicle spherical geometry. In the third model, the dipole rotates in the plane of the of bilayer spherical geometry, within a movement that might occur between the monolayers forming the bilayer. For each of the models analysed, two methods are used by us in order to analyse the rotational diffusion: (I) solution of the corresponding rotational diffusion equation for a single molecule, taking into account the boundary conditions imposed by the models, for the probability of the fluorescent molecule to be found with a given configuration at time t. Considering the distribution of molecules in the geometry proposed, we obtain the analytical expression for the fluorescence anisotropy, except for the cone geometry, for which the solution is obtained numerically; (II) numerical simulations of a restricted rotational random walk in the two geometries corresponding to the two models. The latter method may be very useful in the cases of low-symmetry geometries or of composed geometries.

Numerical simulation of an ethanol turbulent spray flame with RANS and diffusion combustion model

A detailed numerical simulation of ethanol turbulent spray combustion on a rounded jet flame is pre- sented in this article. The focus is to propose a robust mathematical model with relatively low complexity sub- models to reproduce the main characteristics of the cou- pling between both phases, such as the turbulence modulation, turbulent droplets dissipation, and evaporative cooling effect. A RANS turbulent model is implemented. Special features of the model include an Eulerian– Lagrangian procedure under a fully two-way coupling and a modified flame sheet model with a joint mixture fraction– enthalpy b -PDF. Reasonable agreement between measured and computed mean profiles of temperature of the gas phase and droplet size distributions is achieved. Deviations found between measured and predicted mean velocity profiles are attributed to the turbulent combustion modeling adopted