Redundant nerve roots of the cauda equina: review of the literature

In imaging diagnosis, redundant nerve roots of the cauda equina are characterized by the presence of elongated, enlarged and tortuous nerve roots in close relationship with a high-grade lumbar spinal canal stenosis. This is not an independent entity, but it is believed to be a consequence of the chronic compression at the level of the lumbar canal stenosis and thus may be part of the natural history of lumbar spinal stenosis. The present paper is aimed at reviewing the histopathological, electrophysiological and imaging findings, particularly at magnetic resonance imaging, as well as the clinical meaning of this entity. As the current assessment of canal stenosis and root compression is preferably performed by means of magnetic resonance imaging, this is the imaging method by which the condition is identified. The recognition of redundant nerve roots at magnetic resonance imaging is important, particularly to avoid misdiagnosing other conditions such as intradural arteriovenous malformations. The literature approaching the clinical relevance of the presence of redundant nerve roots is controversial. There are articles suggesting that the pathological changes of the nerve roots are irreversible at the moment of diagnosis and therefore neurological symptoms are less likely to improve with surgical decompression, but such concept is not a consensus.

Is the domestic dog becoming an abundant species in the Atlantic forest? A study case in southeastern Brazil

The Brazilian Atlantic forest has been reduced to a small fraction of its original area, with most remaining fragments being small and surrounded by anthropogenic matrices. This degree of disturbance, together with the increasing sprawl of cities towards the rural zone, greatly facilitates the entrance of domestic animals into these remnants. We used camera traps to compare the abundances of the domestic dog with a similarly sized native carnivore, the ocelot, in a 957-ha reserve of the Brazilian Atlantic forest in a landscape largely composed by pastures and agriculture. The dog was the most recorded species among all 17 mammal species "captured" by the cameras. Dog abundance (32-38 dogs) and density (0.812-1.813 dogs/km(2)) were significantly higher than that of the ocelot (n=2 ocelots; density=0.158-0.347 ocelots/km(2)). Although our result is restricted to a single study site, it is supported by an increasing number of recent studies, which have detected dogs inside other Atlantic forest reserves. Our study suggests, therefore, that this invasion might be more widespread than generally thought. The presence of the domestic dog is a threat to native fauna and constitutes an important edge effect of human presence at the rural zone.

Chromosome painting in three-toed sloths: a cytogenetic signature and ancestral karyotype for Xenarthra

Background: Xenarthra (sloths, armadillos and anteaters) represent one of four currently recognized Eutherian mammal supraorders. Some phylogenomic studies point to the possibility of Xenarthra being at the base of the Eutherian tree, together or not with the supraorder Afrotheria. We performed painting with human autosomes and X-chromosome specific probes on metaphases of two three-toed sloths: Bradypus torquatus and B. variegatus. These species represent the fourth of the five extant Xenarthra families to be studied with this approach. Results: Eleven human chromosomes were conserved as one block in both B. torquatus and B. variegatus: (HSA 5, 6, 9, 11, 13, 14, 15, 17, 18, 20, 21 and the X chromosome). B. torquatus, three additional human chromosomes were conserved intact (HSA 1, 3 and 4). The remaining human chromosomes were represented by two or three segments on each sloth. Seven associations between human chromosomes were detected in the karyotypes of both B. torquatus and B. variegatus: HSA 3/21, 4/8, 7/10, 7/16, 12/22, 14/15 and 17/19. The ancestral Eutherian association 16/19 was not detected in the Bradypus species. Conclusions: Our results together with previous reports enabled us to propose a hypothetical ancestral Xenarthran karyotype with 48 chromosomes that would differ from the proposed ancestral Eutherian karyotype by the presence of the association HSA 7/10 and by the split of HSA 8 into three blocks, instead of the two found in the Eutherian ancestor. These same chromosome features point to the monophyly of Xenarthra, making this the second supraorder of placental mammals to have a chromosome signature supporting its monophyly.

Intervenção nutricional padronizada em pacientes hipoglicêmicos hospitalizados

A ingestão de carboidratos de rápida absorção (CRA) pode ser útil para o aumento sérico de glicose. Neste contexto, os principais objetivos foram avaliar a eficácia e a aplicabilidade da intervenção nutricional em situações hipoglicêmicas apresentadas por pacientes conscientes, com dieta via oral e internados em hospital geral. Setenta e seis pacientes foram elegíveis e a hipoglicemia foi definida como nível de glicemia capilar ³ 50 até £ 70mg/dL. A intervenção nutricional constituiu na oferta de 15 a 24 gramas de CRA. Houve a conferência da glicemia capilar após 15-20 minutos da intervenção. A taxa de efetividade da intervenção nutricional foi de 97,6%, durante o período de estudo. Conclui-se que a administração de CRA, um método não invasivo, foi aplicável em unidades de um hospital geral e foi potencialmente eficaz na restauração da glicemia capilar em pacientes hipoglicêmicos com dieta via oral e conscientes.

Distribución espacial de metales pesados y As en sedimentos superficiales de fondo del estuario del Río de la Plata

Los sedimentos estuarinos actúan como sumidero dediversos tipos de contaminantes, por lo que son utilizados como indicadores del impacto antropogénico. Entre estos aportes, los metales se destacan debido a que pueden generar efectos tóxicos y/o letales para la biota. Además son bioacumulables y se biomagnifican a través de la trama trófica acuática. El estuario del Río de la Plata (RdlP) constituye un área de desove y cría de peces y otros organismos de interés comercial, por lo que resulta relevante conocer la contaminación metálica. El RdlP tiene una superficie de 38.800 km2 y un caudal promedio de 24.045 m3s-1, siendo sus principales afluente los Ríos Paraná y Uruguay. El presente estudio analizó muestras de sedimento superficial de fondo, colectado en 26 sitios (año 2010). Se cuantificó el contenido de Al, As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb, Sc y Zn, a través del método USEPA 3050b y la técnica analítica ICP-OES. La exactitud y la precisión del método fueron evaluadas por material de referencia certificado. La granulometría del sedimento estudiado indicó la predominancia de sedimentos finos (limos y arcillas), en sitios con mayores contenidos metálicos. Las concentraciones obtenidas se compararon con los valores guía del Criteria for the Assessment of Sediment Quality in Quebec and Application Frameworks (de Canadá), utilizados como criterio de evaluación para legislación ambiental: TEL (threshold effect level) y PEL (probable effect level); además se utilizaron los niveles REL (rare effect level), OEL (occasional effect level) y FEL (frequent effect level). La concentración de As y Cu fue mayor al nivel TEL en varios sitios analizados (7,2 y 19 mg/kg respectivamente). Para ningún elemento la concentración fue mayor que el PEL. Este criterio de evaluación constituye una herramienta válida para el monitoreo de la contaminación de los sedimentos del estuario, indicando posibles efectos negativos sobre la biota del RdlP