Fatores de risco pré-operatórios para mediastinite após cirurgia cardíaca: análise de 2768 pacientes

INTRODUÇÃO: A esternotomia mediana longitudinal é a via de acesso mais utilizada no tratamento das doenças cardíacas. As infecções profundas da ferida operatória no pós-operatório das cirurgias cardiovasculares são uma complicação séria, com alto custo durante o tratamento. Diferentes estudos têm encontrado fatores de risco para o desenvolvimento de mediastinite e as variáveis pré-operatórias têm tido especial destaque. OBJETIVO: O objetivo deste estudo é identificar fatores de risco pré-operatórios para o desenvolvimento de mediastinite em pacientes submetidos a revascularização do miocárdio e a substituição valvar. MÉTODOS: Este estudo observacional representa uma coorte de 2768 pacientes operados consecutivamente. O período considerado para análise foi de maio de 2007 a maio de 2009 e não houve critérios de exclusão. Foi realizada análise univariada e multivariada pelo modelo de regressão logística das 38 variáveis pré-operatórias eleitas. RESULTADOS: Nesta série, 35 (1,3%) pacientes evoluíram com mediastinite e 19 (0,7%) com osteomielite associada. A idade média dos pacientes foi de 59,9 ± 13,5 anos e o EuroSCORE de 4,5 ± 3,6. A mortalidade hospitalar foi de 42,8%. Na análise multivariada, foram identificadas três variáveis como preditoras independentes de mediastinite: balão intra-aórtico (OR 5,41, 95% IC [1,83 -16,01], P=0,002), hemodiálise (OR 4,87, 95% IC [1,41 - 16,86], P=0,012) e intervenção vascular extracardíaca (OR 4,39, 95% IC [1,64 - 11,76], P=0,003). CONCLUSÃO: O presente estudo demonstrou que necessidade do suporte hemodinâmico pré-operatório com balão intra-aórtico, hemodiálise e intervenção vascular extracardíaca são fatores de risco para o desenvolvimento de mediastinite após cirurgia cardíaca.

Cirurgia de revascularização miocárdica na fase aguda do infarto: análise dos fatores preditores de mortalidade intra-hospitalar

OBJETIVO: A cirurgia de revascularização miocárdica (CRM) na fase aguda do infarto do miocárdio (IAM) está associada a aumento do risco operatório. O objetivo do estudo foi determinar fatores preditores de mortalidade intra-hospitalar nos pacientes submetidos a CRM no IAM. MÉTODOS: Durante três anos, todos os pacientes submetidos a CRM no IAM foram analisados retrospectivamente, utilizando o banco de dados institucional. Sessenta variáveis por paciente foram avaliadas: 49 variáveis pré-operatórias provenientes dos escores 2000 Bernstein-Parsonnet e EuroSCORE; 4 variáveis pré-operatórias não consideradas por esses escores (tempo entre o IAM e a CRM, valor máximo de CKMB, valor máximo de troponina e supradesnivelamento do segmento ST) e 7 variáveis intraoperatórias [uso de circulação extracorpórea (CEC), tempo de CEC, tipo de cardioplegia, endarterectomia, número de enxertos, uso da artéria torácica interna e revascularização completa]. Análise univariada e multivariada para o desfecho mortalidade intra-hospitalar foram realizadas. RESULTADOS: O tempo médio entre o IAM e a CRM foi de 3,8 ± 3 dias. A mortalidade global foi 19%. Na análise multivariada: idade > 65 anos [OR 16,5 (IC 1,8-152), P=0,013]~ CEC >108 minutos [OR 40 (IC 2,7-578), P=0,007], creatinina > 2 mg/dl [OR 35,5 (IC 1,7-740), P=0,021] e pressão pulmonar sistólica > 60 mmHg [OR 31(IC 1,6-591), P=0,022] foram preditores de mortalidade intra-hospitalar. CONCLUSÃO: Variáveis pré-operatórias clássicas como idade > 65 anos, creatinina > 2 mg/dl e pressão pulmonar sistólica > 60 mmHg foram preditoras de mortalidade intra-hospitalar nos pacientes operados de revascularização miocárdica na fase aguda do infarto.

Com ou sem CEC?: impacto dos escores de risco na cirurgia de revascularização miocárdica

OBJETIVO: Permanecem as controvérsias sobre a utilização de circulação extracorpórea (CEC) na cirurgia de revascularização miocárdica (CRM). O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o impacto do 2000 Bernstein Parsonnet (2000BP) e EuroSCORE (EU) para escolha de CEC na CRM. MÉTODOS: Foram submetidos à CRM 1.551 pacientes consecutivos. CEC foi utilizada em 1.121 (72,3%) pacientes. O desempenho do 2000BP e EU para a amostra foi avaliado mediante testes de calibração, discriminação e correlação. Para ambos os escores de risco, o aumento do valor do escore e a presença de CEC tiveram relação direta com maior chance de óbito (P<0,05). Portanto, com essas duas variáveis foi construído um modelo de regressão logística para cada escore de risco, com a finalidade de determinar em que valor do escore a presença de CEC aumenta significativamente a chance de óbito. RESULTADOS: A calibração, ao igual que a área abaixo da curva ROC para o grupo com CEC [2000BP=0,80; EU=0,78] e sem CEC [2000BP=0,81; EU=0,85] foram adequadas. A correlação de Spearman para os grupos com e sem CEC foi de 0,66 (P<0,001) e 0,62 (P<0,001), respectivamente. No 2000BP, para um valor>17,75, a presença de CEC aumentou a chance de óbito para 7,4 [IC95% (4,4-12,3), P<0,0001]. No EU, para um valor>4,5, a presença de CEC aumentou a chance de óbito para 5,4 [IC95% (3,3-9), P<0,0001]. CONCLUSÃO: Na tomada de decisões, o 2000BP>17,75 ou o EU>4,5 orientam a identificar pacientes que quando submetidos a CRM com CEC têm chance de óbito aumentada significativamente.

Adultos com cardiopatia congênita submetidos à primeira cirurgia: prevalência e resultados em um hospital terciário

INTRODUÇÃO: O tratamento cirúrgico da cardiopatia congênita em adultos apresentou importante crescimento nos últimos anos. Contudo, ainda assim, o número de pacientes que atingem a idade adulta sem tratamento cirúrgico adequado permanece elevado. OBJETIVO: Avaliar os resultados hospitalares e diagnósticos dos pacientes adultos com cardiopatia congênita submetidos à primeira operação. MÉTODOS: Estudo retrospectivo, que analisou prontuários de pacientes operados para correção de cardiopatia congênita com idade maior ou igual a 18 anos. O critério de exclusão foi cirurgia para reoperação. Foi analisado o período entre dezembro de 2007 e dezembro de 2010, com inclusão de 79 pacientes. RESULTADOS: Os defeitos do septo atrial foram os mais prevalentes (53,1%), seguidos de comunicação interventricular (15,2%), coarctação da aorta (6,3%) e canal atrioventricular parcial (6,3%). Treze (16,4%) pacientes apresentavam doença associada adquirida e 14 pacientes (17,7%), congênita. Trinta e três (41,8%) pacientes apresentavam hipertensão pulmonar. O tempo médio de internamento em UTI e hospitalar foi de 3,9 e 14,5 dias, respectivamente. Complicações ocorreram em 18 (22,8%) pacientes, sendo as infecciosas as mais comuns. A mortalidade hospitalar foi de dois (2,5%) pacientes. CONCLUSÃO: O tratamento da cardiopatia congênita em adultos como primeira cirurgia apresentou resultado bastante favorável. Contudo, em nossa série, houve maior tempo de internamento em UTI e hospitalar.

Comparison between multiplanar and rendering modes in the assessment of fetal atrioventricular valve areas by 3D/4D ultrasonography

Objective: To compare the agreement of multiplanar and rendering modes in the assessment fetal atrioventricular valves (mitral and tricuspid) areas by three-dimensional (3D) ultrasonography using the software spatio-temporal image correlation (STIC). Methods: We conducted a prospective cross-sectional study with normal pregnant women, with single fetuses, between 18-33 weeks. To measure the areas, we used the plan of four-chamber view. In the case of multiplanar, the plane was rotated on the axis "Z" form the heart to position at 9h. For rendering, the green line (region of interest - ROI) was placed from the atria of the heart perpendicular to the crux. The agreement was assessed by a Bland-Altman (limits of agreement) using the relative difference between the measures: ((rendering mode) - (multiplanar mode)) / (average). Results: 328 fetuses were evaluated. We have not identified the occurrence of systematic error between methods: the average relative difference was 1.62% (-2.07% to 5.32%, confidence interval 95%) in the mitral and 1.77% (- 1.08% to 4.62%) in the tricuspid valve. The limits of agreement between methods were -65.26% to 68.51% for the mitral and -49.91% to 53.45% for the tricuspid. Conclusions: There was no systematic error between modes and thus the observed values for the area of fetal atrioventricular valves can be used for comparisons needs to be corrected. However, relatively large variations may be observed when repeating the measurement area by different modes.

Comparative experimental study of myocardial protection with crystalloid solutions for heart transplantation

Background: There is a growing need to improve myocardial protection, which will lead to better performance of cardiac operations and reduce morbidity and mortality. Therefore, the objective of this study was to compare the efficacy of myocardial protection solution using both intracellular and extracellular crystalloid type regarding the performance of the electrical conduction system, left ventricular contractility and edema, after being subjected to ischemic arrest and reperfusion. Methods: Hearts isolated from male Wistar (n=32) rats were prepared using Langendorff method and randomly divided equally into four groups according the cardioprotective solutions used Krebs-Henseleit-Buffer (KHB), Bretschneider-HTK (HTK), St. Thomas-1 (STH-1) and Celsior (CEL). After stabilization with KHB at 37 degrees C, baseline values (control) were collected for heart rate (HR), left ventricle systolic pressure (LVSP), maximum first derivate of rise left ventricular pressure (+dP/dt), maximum first derivate of fall left ventricular pressure (-dP/dt) and coronary flow (CF). The hearts were then perfused at 10 degrees C for 5 min and kept for 2 h in static ischemia at 20 degrees C in each cardioprotective solution. Data evaluation was done using analysis of variance in completely randomized One-Way ANOVA and Tukey's test for multiple comparisons. The level of statistical significance chosen was P<0.05. Results: HR was restored with all the solutions used. The evaluation of left ventricular contractility (LVSP, +dP/dt and -dP/dt) showed that treatment with CEL solution was better compared to other solutions. When analyzing the CF, the HTK solution showed better protection against edema. Conclusion: Despite the cardioprotective crystalloid solutions studied are not fully able to suppress the deleterious effects of ischemia and reperfusion in the rat heart, the CEL solution had significantly higher results followed by HTK>KHB>STH-1.

Initial experience with Pomerantzeff's technique for reduction of the size of giant left atrium

Introduction: The most common indication for surgical correction of giant left atrium is associated with mitral valve insufficiency with or without atrial fibrillation. Several techniques for this purpose are already described with varying results. Objective: To present the initial experience with the tangential triangular resection technique (Pomerantzeff). Methods: From 2002 to 2010, four patients underwent mitral valve operation with reduction of left atrial volume by the technique of triangular resection tangential in our service. Three patients were female. The age ranged from 21 to 51 years old. The four patients presented with atrial fibrillation. Ejection fraction of left ventricle preoperatively ranged from 38% to 62%. The left atrial diameter ranged from 78mm to 140mm. After treatment of mitral dysfunction, the left atrium was reduced by resecting triangular tangential posterior wall between the pulmonary veins to avoid anatomic distortion of the mitral valve or pulmonary veins, reducing tension in the suture line. Results: Average hospital stay was 21.5 +/- 6.5 days. The mean cardiopulmonary bypass time was 130 +/- 30 minutes. There was no surgical bleeding or mortality in the postoperative period. All patients had sinus rhythm restored in the output of cardiopulmonary bypass, maintaining this rate postoperatively. The average diameter of the left atrium was reduced by 50.5% +/- 19.5%. The left ventricular ejection fraction improved in all patients. Conclusion: Initial results with this technique have shown effective reduction of the left atrium.

Validation of the 2000 Bernstein-Parsonnet and EuroSCORE at the Heart Institute - USP

Objective: To validate the 2000 Bernstein Parsonnet (2000BP) and additive EuroSCORE (ES) to predict mortality in patients who underwent coronary bypass surgery and/or heart valve surgery at the Heart Institute, University of Sao Paulo (InCor/HC-FMUSP). Methods:A prospective observational design. We analyzed 3000 consecutive patients who underwent coronary bypass surgery and/or heart valve surgery, between May 2007 and July 2009 at the InCor/HC-FMUSP. Mortality was calculated with the 2000BP and ES models. The correlation between estimated mortality and observed mortality was validated by calibration and discrimination tests. Results: There were significant differences in the prevalence of risk factors between the study population, 2000BP and ES. Patients were stratified into five groups for 2000BP and three for the ES. In the validation of models, the ES showed good calibration (P = 0396), however, the 2000BP (P = 0.047) proved inadequate. In discrimination, the area under the ROC curve proved to be good for models, ES (0.79) and 2000BP (0.80). Conclusion: In the validation, 2000BP proved questionable and ES appropriate to predict mortality in patients who underwent coronary bypass surgery and/or heart valve surgery at the InCor/HC-FMUSP.

Predicted preoperative maximal static respiratory pressures in adult cardiac surgeries: evaluation of two formulas

Objectives: Cardiac surgery (CC) determines systemic and pulmonary changes that require special care. What motivated several studies conducted in healthy subjects to assess muscle strength were the awareness of the importance of respiratory muscle dysfunction in the development of respiratory failure. These studies used maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP) and maximal expiratory pressure (MEP) values. This study examined the concordance between the values predicted by the equations proposed by Black & Hyatt and Neder, and the measured values in cardiac surgery (CS) patients. Methods: Data were collected from preoperative evaluation forms. The Lin coefficient and Bland-Altman plots were used for statistical concordance analysis. The multiple linear regression and analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used to produce new formulas. Results: There were weak correlations of 0.22 and 0.19 in the MIP analysis and of 0.10 and 0.32 in the MEP analysis, for the formulas of Black & Hyatt and Neder, respectively. The ANOVA for both MIP and MEP were significant (P <0.0001), and the following formulas were developed: MIP = 88.82 - (0.51 x age) + (19.86 x gender), and MEP = 91.36 -(030 x age) + (29.92 x gender). Conclusions: The Black and Hyatt and Neder formulas predict highly discrepant values of MIP and MEP and should not be used to identify muscle weakness in CS patients.

Age influences outcomes in 70-year or older patients undergoing isolated coronary artery bypass graft surgery

Objective: To analyze the results of isolated on-pump coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG) in patients >= 70 years old in comparison to patients <70 years old. Methods: Patients undergoing isolated CABG were selected for the study. The patients were assigned into two groups: G1 (age >= 70 years old) and G2 (age <70 years old). The endpoints were in-hospital mortality, acute myocardial infarction (AMI), stroke, re-exploration for bleeding, intraaortic balloon pump for circulatory shock, respiratory complications, acute renal failure, mediastinitis, sepsis, atrial fibrillation, and complete atrioventricular block (CAVB). Results: A total of 1,033 were included in the study: G1 comprised 257 (24.8%) patients G2 776 (75.2%). Patients in G1 were more likely to have in-hospital mortality than in G2 (8.9% vs. 3.6%, respectively; P=0.001), while the incidence of AMI was similar (5.8% vs. 5.5%; P=0.87) in G2. More patients in G1 had re-exploration for bleeding (12.1% vs. 6.1%; P=0.003). Compared to G2, G1 had more incidences of respiratory complications (21.4% vs. 9.1%; P<0.001), mediastinitis (5.1% vs. 1.9%; P=0.013), stroke (3.9% vs. 1.3%; P=0.016), acute renal failure (7.8% vs. 1.3%; P<0.001), sepsis (3.9% vs. 1.9%; P=0.003), atrial fibrillation (15.6% vs. 9.8%; P=0.016), and CAVB (3.5% vs. 1.2%; P=0.023). There was no significant difference in the use of the intraaortic balloon pump. In the forward stepwise multivariate logistic regression analysis, age >= 70 years was an independent predictive factor for higher in-hospital mortality (P=0.004), re-exploration for bleeding (P=0.002), sepsis (P=0.002), respiratory complications (P<0.001), mediastinitis (P=0.016), stroke (P=0.029), acute renal failure (P<0.001), atrial fibrillation (P=0.021), and CAVB (P=0.031). Conclusion: This study suggests that patients of age >= 70 years were at increased risk of death and other complications in the CABG's postoperative period in comparison to younger patients.

Rupture of the right ventricular free wall after myocardial infarction

Patient, 75 years-old, with free wall rupture of the right ventricle, corrected with prolene 3.0 points anchored in bovine pericardium patch, promoting the closure of the rupture. The patient was discharged on the 59th day after surgery in good clinical ans laboratorial conditions.

Smoking: What Has Been Addressed in Brazilian Journals

The topic of tobacco smoking, in its several aspects, has been receiving increasing attention among researchers over the past few years, which has been reflected in more data and more solid scientific literature on the subject in national journals. This article aims to review the studies that focused on smoking published between January 2010 and June 2012, in Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia (Brazilian Archives of Cardiology), Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research, Clinics (Sao Paulo), Jornal Brasileiro de Pneumologia (Brazilian Journal of Pulmonology), Revista da Associacao Medica Brasileira (Journal of the Brazilian Medical Association) and Revista Brasileira de Cirurgia Cardiovascular (Brazilian Journal of Cardiovascular Surgery). During the aforementioned period 58 articles were published, 52 of which were original ones, addressing several aspects of smoking, such as effects on health, epidemiology, cessation and experimental studies.

Tabagismo: o que tem sido abordado em periódicos brasileiros

O tema tabagismo, em seus vários aspectos, vem recebendo crescente atenção entre os pesquisadores ao longo dos últimos anos, o que tem se refletido em maior e mais sólida produção científica sobre o assunto em periódicos nacionais. Este artigo tem como objetivo comentar os estudos que abordaram o tema tabagismo publicados entre janeiro de 2010 e junho de 2012, nas revistas Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia, Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research, Clinics (São Paulo), Jornal Brasileiro de Pneumologia, Revista da Associação Médica Brasileira e Revista Brasileira de Cirurgia Cardiovascular. No período foram publicados 58 artigos, 52 originais, abordando variados aspectos, como efeitos na saúde, epidemiologia, cessação e estudos experimentais.