The identities of the Brazilian female athlete: the "points of temporary attachment" of women in sports

The aim of this study is to analyze the formation of the Brazilian Olympic female athletes' identities and the construction of this social role both in the Olympic scene as in Brazilian social context. The results, when compared with previous researches and the theoretical approach allows to conclude that even after inclusion of the growing Brazilian women in several sports - including pointing out that this did not occur in the form of confrontation, just as in other countries - this does not represent a rethinking of the social roles of the female and male letting to the athletes maintain a separation between sports life and life as a woman.

A arquitetura habitacional social brasileira: propostas assertivas e inovações no âmbito dos institutos de previdência estatais do Século XX

No Brasil, a repetição descomedida de tipologias, partidos arquitetônicos e urbanísticos nos conjuntos residenciais sociais tomou vulto a partir da segunda metade da década de 1960, no âmbito do recém-criado Banco Nacional de Habitação (BNH). A produção desse órgão, até a década de 1980, é marcada pela disseminação do modelo da casa unifamiliar isolada no lote, com cobertura em duas águas, e pela perpetuação dos blocos com quatro pavimentos assentados diretamente no solo, com programas e plantas padrões implantadas sem levar em consideração os aspectos físico-climáticos e culturais locais. Essas unidades foram situadas em grandes conjuntos sem infraestrutura e/ou equipamentos coletivos, localizados, na maior parte das vezes, nas periferias das cidades. Porém, num momento anterior, mais precisamente entre as décadas de 1930 e 1960, os debates sobre a temática da moradia econômica e/ou mínima renderam ao país uma gama de propostas inovadoras, com destaque para as formulações e modelos pensados e concebidos pelos institutos de previdência, em especial, pelas Caixas e Institutos de Aposentadoria e Pensões (CAPs/IAPs). Nesse contexto, o presente artigo se propõe a apresentar as principais diretrizes que regeram as ações imobiliárias dos mencionadas instituições previdenciárias estatais no Brasil, bem como identificar e analisar algumas das inovações pensadas e concretizadas nesse sentido, muitas das quais foram relegadas a partir de 1964. Para tanto, tirar-se-á partido, sobremaneira, de dados primários relacionados à estruturação e à evolução dos regimentos e regulamentos das ações dos supracitados órgãos no campo da moradia, encontrados essencialmente nos arquivos jurídicos do país, bem como de pesquisa documental específica nos processos de financiamentos imobiliários concedidos aos trabalhadores urbanos brasileiros, ao longo das quatro décadas de atuação das CAPs e dos IAPs. O estudo destas vertentes, contextualizando-as no cenário das mudanças contemporâneas, conforma um esforço de compreensão da história da moradia social no Brasil, como também, das políticas públicas habitacionais no país.

Incapacidade para o trabalho: análise dos benefícios auxílio-doença concedidos no estado de Rondônia

Trata-se de um estudo epidemiológico descritivo com objetivo de estimar a prevalência e a duração dos benefícios auxílio-doença, concedidos pelo Instituto Nacional de Seguro Social, bem como dos fatores associados à incapacidade para o trabalho entre os trabalhadores empregados em Rondônia em 2008. As prevalências foram apresentadas por 10.000 trabalhadores e estratificadas por sexo, idade, diagnóstico, atividade econômica, espécie e duração dos benefícios. Os homens apresentaram maiores prevalência e duração dos benefícios. Os benefícios previdenciários mostraramse 2,5 mais prevalentes do que os acidentários e ambos aumentaram com a idade. Os acidentários foram mais prevalentes na faixa etária de 50-59 anos. Silvicultura, construção civil e locação de mão de obra apresentaram as maiores prevalências. Os principais grupos diagnósticos foram lesões; doenças do sistema osteomuscular e doenças do aparelho digestivo. A duração dos benefícios auxílio-doença foi maior entre homens, com > 40 anos e na espécie previdenciária. A atividade econômica é um importante fator de risco para a incapacidade para o trabalho, e precisa ser mais bem explorada como tal visando melhorar a prevenção de doenças e diminuir o impacto na saúde dos trabalhadores decorrentes das condições ambientais e dos processos de trabalho.

Social phobia in Brazilian university students: Prevalence, under-recognition and academic impairment in women

Background: Despite the fact that public speaking is a common academic activity and that social phobia has been associated with lower educational achievement and impaired academic performance, little research has examined the prevalence of social phobia in college students. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of social phobia in a large sample of Brazilian college students and to examine the academic impact of this disorder. Methods: The Social Phobia Inventory (SPIN) and the MINI-SPIN, used as the indicator of social phobia in the screening phase, were applied to 2319 randomly selected students from two Brazilian universities. For the second phase (diagnostic confirmation), four psychiatrists and one clinical psychologist administered the SCID-IV to subjects with MINI-SPIN scores of 6 or higher. Results: The prevalence of social phobia among the university students was 11.6%. Women with social phobia had significantly lower grades than those without the disorder. Fear of public speaking was the most common social fear. Only two of the 237 students with social phobia (0.8%) had previously received a diagnosis of social phobia and were under treatment. Limitations: Social phobia comorbidities were not evaluated in this study. The methods of assessment employed by the universities (written exams) may mask the presence of social phobia. This was not a population-based study, and thus the results are not generalizable to the entire population with social phobia. Conclusion: Preventive strategies are recommended to reduce the under-recognition and the adverse impact of social phobia on academic performance and overall quality of life of university students. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

STATE INSTITUTIONS, POWER, AND SOCIAL NETWORKS IN BRAZILIAN URBAN POLICIES

A large historiographic tradition has studied the Brazilian state, yet we know relatively little about its internal dynamics and particularities. The role of informal, personal, and unintentional ties has remained underexplored in most policy network studies, mainly because of the pluralist origin of that tradition. It is possible to use network analysis to expand this knowledge by developing mesolevel analysis of those processes. This article proposes an analytical framework for studying networks inside policy communities. This framework considers the stable and resilient patterns that characterize state institutions, especially in contexts of low institutionalization, particularly those found in Latin America and Brazil. The article builds on research on urban policies in Brazil to suggest that networks made of institutional and personal ties structure state organizations internally and insert them,into broader political scenarios. These networks, which I call state fabric, frame politics, influence public policies, and introduce more stability and predictability than the majority of the literature usually considers. They also form a specific power resource-positional power, associated with the positions that political actors occupy-that influences politics inside and around the state.

Social support, socioeconomic and clinical risk: comparison between to neighborhoods in a Brazilian upcountry town

The objective of this study was to compare the perceptions of two families living in two different neighborhoods (rated according to risk levels) regarding social support. A questionnaire was designed to assess social support according to the following dimensions: instrumental, emotional, religious, and support from friends, neighbors and family. The sample was comprised as follows: considering the 114 families living in neighborhood 1, 52 families were interviewed; and among the 162 families living in neighborhood 2, 60 families were interviewed. No significant difference was found related to instrumental, religious and emotional support, including the support from relatives among the families from both neighborhoods. The results disagree with the reviewed literature, which indicated a strong association between social support and families living at socioeconomic risk. In conclusion, social support is important for families, regardless of their risk stratification.

Genes involved in thoracic exoskeleton formation during the pupal-to-adult molt in a social insect model, Apis mellifera

Background: The insect exoskeleton provides shape, waterproofing, and locomotion via attached somatic muscles. The exoskeleton is renewed during molting, a process regulated by ecdysteroid hormones. The holometabolous pupa transforms into an adult during the imaginal molt, when the epidermis synthe3sizes the definitive exoskeleton that then differentiates progressively. An important issue in insect development concerns how the exoskeletal regions are constructed to provide their morphological, physiological and mechanical functions. We used whole-genome oligonucleotide microarrays to screen for genes involved in exoskeletal formation in the honeybee thoracic dorsum. Our analysis included three sampling times during the pupal-to-adult molt, i.e., before, during and after the ecdysteroid-induced apolysis that triggers synthesis of the adult exoskeleton. Results: Gene ontology annotation based on orthologous relationships with Drosophila melanogaster genes placed the honeybee differentially expressed genes (DEGs) into distinct categories of Biological Process and Molecular Function, depending on developmental time, revealing the functional elements required for adult exoskeleton formation. Of the 1,253 unique DEGs, 547 were upregulated in the thoracic dorsum after apolysis, suggesting induction by the ecdysteroid pulse. The upregulated gene set included 20 of the 47 cuticular protein (CP) genes that were previously identified in the honeybee genome, and three novel putative CP genes that do not belong to a known CP family. In situ hybridization showed that two of the novel genes were abundantly expressed in the epidermis during adult exoskeleton formation, strongly implicating them as genuine CP genes. Conserved sequence motifs identified the CP genes as members of the CPR, Tweedle, Apidermin, CPF, CPLCP1 and Analogous-to-Peritrophins families. Furthermore, 28 of the 36 muscle-related DEGs were upregulated during the de novo formation of striated fibers attached to the exoskeleton. A search for cis-regulatory motifs in the 5′-untranslated region of the DEGs revealed potential binding sites for known transcription factors. Construction of a regulatory network showed that various upregulated CP- and muscle-related genes (15 and 21 genes, respectively) share common elements, suggesting co-regulation during thoracic exoskeleton formation. Conclusions: These findings help reveal molecular aspects of rigid thoracic exoskeleton formation during the ecdysteroid-coordinated pupal-to-adult molt in the honeybee.

A Review of the Brazilian NBR 15575 Standard: Applying the Simulation and Simplified Methods for Evaluating a Social House Thermal Performance

The new Brazilian ABNT NBR 15575 Standard (the ―Standard‖) recommends two methods for analyzing housing thermal performance: a simplified and a computational simulation method. The aim of this paper is to evaluate both methods and the coherence between each. For this, the thermal performance of a low-cost single-family house was evaluated through the application of the procedures prescribed by the Standard. To accomplish this study, the EnergyPlus software was selected. Comparative analyses of the house with varying envelope U-values and solar absorptance of external walls were performed in order to evaluate the influence of these parameters on the results. The results have shown limitations in the current Standard computational simulation method, due to different aspects: weather files, lack of consideration of passive strategies, and inconsistency with the simplified method. Therefore, this research indicates that there are some aspects to be improved in this Standard, so it could better represent the real thermal performance of social housing in Brazil.

A three-pronged approach to social business: a Brazilian multi-case analysis

Social businesses present a new paradigm to capitalism, in which private companies, non-profit organizations and civil society create a new type of business with the main objective of solving social problems with financial sustainability and efficiency through market mechanisms. As any new phenomenon, different authors conceptualize social businesses with distinct views. This article aims to present and characterize three different perspectives of social business definitions: the European, the American and that of the emerging countries. Each one of these views was illustrated by a different Brazilian case. We conclude with the idea that all the cases have similar characteristics, but also relevant differences that are more than merely geographical. The perspectives analyzed in this paper provide an analytical framework for understanding the field of social businesses. Moreover, the cases demonstrate that in the Brazilian context the field of social business is under construction and that as such it draws on different conceptual influences to deal with a complex and challenging reality.

Pacta sunt servanda versus the social role of contracts: the case of Brazilian agriculture contracts

This study explores the instability created by contradictory court decisions related with contract breaches. Forward marketing contracts represent an important source of resources to finance Brazilian agriculture, however a large number of contract breaches were observed during a period of marked increase in soy prices. The study analyzed 161 judicial appeal decisions and a survey was carried with 70 farmers. The results show the difference of judges' interpretation and the existence of second order effects. The effects of court decisions were more requirements of guarantees and the reduction in the number of contracts. Those soybean farmers who did not breach their contracts have also been negatively affected by the strategic reactions of trading and processing companies. The concept of "social function of the contract" introduced in Brazilian civil code led to a higher degree of instability in contracts, raising transaction costs and motivating private economic sanctions.