Osteonecrose maxilar associada ao uso de bisfosfonatos

Os bisfosfonatos (BFs) têm sido indicados para o tratamento de doenças do metabolismo ósseo. Atualmente, seu emprego terapêutico aumentou e, com ele, os efeitos adversos, dos quais um dos mais importantes é a indução da osteonecrose dos maxilares, uma complicação de difíceis tratamento e solução. Até o presente, não se sabe ao certo qual é o mecanismo de desenvolvimento da osteonecrose dos maxilares induzida por bisfosfonatos (ONMB), nem qual deve ser o tratamento estabelecido perante essa manifestação. Apesar de a literatura apresentar formas variadas de tratamento, não existe um protocolo definido. Apresentamos uma revisão sobre a ONMB, enfocando sua etiopatogenia e as formas reportadas de tratamento.

Effects of selective bile duct ligation on liver parenchyma in young animals: histologic and molecular evaluations

Background/Purpose: The mechanisms of increased collagen production and liver parenchyma fibrosis are poorly understood. These phenomena are observed mainly in children with biliary obstruction (BO), and in a great number of patients, the evolution to biliary cirrhosis and hepatic failure leads to the need for liver transplantation before adolescence. However, pediatric liver transplantation presents with biliary complications in 20% to 30% of cases in the postoperative period. Intra-or extrahepatic stenosis of bile ducts is frequent and may lead to secondary biliary cirrhosis and the need for retransplantation. It is unknown whether biliary stenosis involving isolated segments or lobes may affect the adjacent nonobstructed lobes by paracrine or endocrine means, leading to fibrosis in this parenchyma. Therefore, the present study aimed to create an experimental model of selective biliary duct ligation in young animals with a subsequent evaluation of the histologic and molecular alterations in liver parenchyma of the obstructed and nonobstructed lobes. Methods: After a pilot study to standardize the surgical procedures, weaning rats underwent ligation of the bile ducts of the median, left lateral, and caudate liver lobes. The bile duct of the right lateral lobe was kept intact. To avoid intrahepatic biliary duct collaterals neoformation, the parenchymal connection between the right lateral and median lobes was clamped. The animals were divided into groups according to the time of death: 1, 2, 3, 4, and 8 weeks after surgical procedure. After death, the median and left lateral lobes (with BO) and the right lateral lobe (without BO [NBO]) were harvested separately. A group of 8 healthy nonoperated on animals served as controls. Liver tissues were subjected to histologic evaluation and quantification of the ductular proliferation and of the portal fibrosis. The expressions of smooth muscle alpha-actin (alpha-SMA), desmin, and transforming growth factor beta 1 genes were studied by molecular analyses (semiquantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and real-time polymerase chain reaction, a quantitative method). Results: Histologic analyses revealed the occurrence of ductular proliferation and collagen formation in the portal spaces of both BO and NBO lobes. These phenomena were observed later in NBO than BO. Bile duct density significantly increased 1 week after duct ligation; it decreased after 2 and 3 weeks and then increased again after 4 and 8 weeks in both BO and NBO lobes. The portal space collagen area increased after 2 weeks in both BO and NBO lobes. After 3 weeks, collagen deposition in BO was even higher, and in NBO, the collagen area started decreasing after 2 weeks. Molecular analyses revealed increased expression of the alpha-SMA gene in both BO and NBO lobes. The semiquantitative and quantitative methods showed concordant results. Conclusions: The ligation of a duct responsible for biliary drainage of the liver lobe promoted alterations in the parenchyma and in the adjacent nonobstructed parenchyma by paracrine and/or endocrine means. This was supported by histologic findings and increased expression of alpha-SMA, a protein related to hepatic fibrogenesis. (C) 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Transmission of clear cell tumor in a graft liver from cadaveric donor: Case report

Neoplasms in children after organ transplantation are related to the type and intensity of immunosuppression and the donorrecipient serostatus, especially in relation to the EpsteinBarr virus. The patient was a two-yr-old female child with biliary atresia who underwent a liver transplantation from a female cadaver donor. Two adults received kidney transplants from the same donor. Nine months after transplantation, one of the adult recipients developed an urothelial tumor in the kidney graft. Imaging tests were repeated monthly in the liver-transplanted child and revealed no abnormalities. However, one yr and two months after the transplantation, the patient developed episodes of fever. At that time, imaging and liver biopsy showed a clear cell tumor of urothelial origin in the graft and the disease was limited to the liver. The patient underwent liver retransplantation, and she is currently free of tumor recurrence. Although rare, the occurrence of tumors in the post-transplant period from cadaver donors, without previously diagnosed tumors, is one of the many problems encountered in the complex world of organ transplantation.

Haploinsufficiency of a Spliceosomal GTPase Encoded by EFTUD2 Causes Mandibulofacial Dysostosis with Microcephaly

Mandibulofacial dysostosis with microcephaly (MFDM) is a rare sporadic syndrome comprising craniofacial malformations, microcephaly, developmental delay, and a recognizable dysmorphic appearance. Major sequelae, including choanal atresia, sensorineural hearing loss, and cleft palate, each occur in a significant proportion of affected individuals. We present detailed clinical findings in 12 unrelated individuals with MFDM; these 12 individuals compose the largest reported cohort to date. To define the etiology of MFDM, we employed whole-exome sequencing of four unrelated affected individuals and identified heterozygous mutations or deletions of EFTUD2 in all four. Validation studies of eight additional individuals with MFDM demonstrated causative EFTUD2 mutations in all affected individuals tested. A range of EPTUD2-mutation types, including null alleles and frameshifts, is seen in MFDM, consistent with haploinsufficiency; segregation is de novo in all cases assessed to date. U5-116kD, the protein encoded by EFTUD2, is a highly conserved spliceosomal GTPase with a central regulatory role in catalytic splicing and post-splicing-complex disassembly. MFDM is the fast multiple-malformation syndrome attributed to a defect of the major spliceosome. Our findings significantly extend the range of reported spliceosomal phenotypes in humans and pave the way for further investigation in related conditions such as Treacher Collins syndrome.

Effects of the administration of pentoxifylline and prednisolone on the evolution of portal fibrogenesis secondary to biliary obstruction in growing animals: immunohistochemical analysis of the expression of TGF-BETA; and VEGF

OBJECTIVE: During the neonatal and infancy periods, some chronic liver diseases may lead to progressive hepatic fibrosis, which is a condition that can ultimately result in the loss of organ function and severe portal hypertension necessitating hepatic transplantation. In a previous report, pharmacological interventions were demonstrated to modulate hepatic fibrosis induced by bile duct ligation in young rats. The administration of pentoxifylline or prednisolone, or the combination of both, resulted in reduced fibrogenesis in portal spaces. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the expression of transforming growth factor beta and vascular endothelial growth factor after bile duct ligation in young rats and to assess the effect of those same drugs on cytokine expression. METHODS: In this experimental study, 80 young rats (21 or 22 days old) were submitted either to laparotomy and common bile duct ligation or to sham surgery. The animals were allocated into four groups according to surgical procedure, and the following treatments were administered: (1) common bile duct ligation + distilled water, (2) sham surgery + distilled water, (3) common bile duct ligation + pentoxifylline, or (4) common bile duct ligation + prednisolone. After 30 days, a hepatic fragment was collected from each animal for immunohistochemical analysis using monoclonal antibodies against transforming growth factor beta and vascular endothelial growth factor. Digital morphometric and statistical analyses were performed. RESULTS: The administration of pentoxifylline reduced the transforming growth factor beta-marked area and the amount of transforming growth factor beta expressed in liver tissue. This effect was not observed after the administration of prednisolone. There was a significant reduction in vascular endothelial growth factor expression after the administration of either drug compared with the non-treatment group. CONCLUSIONS: The administration of pentoxifylline to cholestatic young rats resulted in the diminished expression of transforming growth factor beta and vascular endothelial growth factor in liver tissue. The administration of steroids resulted in the diminished expression of vascular endothelial growth factor only. These pathways may be involved in hepatic fibrogenesis in young rats submitted to bile duct ligation and exposed to pentoxifylline or prednisolone.

Avaliação da mucosa sinusal do coelho à presença de implante biodegradável

Pensando em melhorar a qualidade de vida dos pacientes com doenças do humor vítreo, os oftalmologistas começaram a utilizar recentemente implantes biodegradáveis com corticoide. Estes mesmos implantes podem ser uma alternativa no tratamento da RSC e, para isso, realizamos um estudo experimental em seios maxilares de coelhos. OBJETIVO: Avaliar histologicamente a mucosa de seio maxilar de coelhos após a colocação de implante biodegradável de prednisolona. MÉTODO: Dezoito coelhos foram divididos aleatoriamente em dois grupos: Grupo 1: no seio maxilar esquerdo foi inserido um implante biodegradável com prednisolona; Grupo 2: No seio maxilar esquerdo foi inserido um implante biodegradável sem medicação. Os seios maxilares do lado direito serviram como controle. Após 7, 14 e 28 dias foram escolhidos aleatoriamente três coelhos de cada grupo e a resposta tecidual inflamatória foi avaliada. RESULTADOS: Foi encontrada diferença não significativa de inflamação na mucosa, quando comparamos o grupo de coelhos que receberam implantes com e sem medicação com o grupo controle; ou quando comparamos o grupo que recebeu implante com prednisolona com o grupo que recebeu implante sem medicação. CONCLUSÃO: Não foram observados sinais de toxicidade ou inflamação na mucosa do seio maxilar do coelho à presença do implante com ou sem prednisolona.

Complicações após expansão de maxila cirurgicamente assistida

Introduction: The treatment of adult transverse maxillary deficiency is the surgically assisted maxillary expansion. Several surgical techniques have been described for this and complications have been related to these procedures. Objective: the aim of this study was evaluate the incidence of complications associated with surgically assisted maxillary expansion. Material and method: 33 individuals undergone surgically assisted maxillary expansion by subtotal Le Fort I osteotomy with a step in the zygomatic-maxillary buttress and associated to pterigomaxillary disjunction and osteotomy of intermaxillary suture. Operative complications, post-operative complications and the distance between the upper teeth were recorded. Result: 12 men and 21 women with an average age of 24.64 years undergone the procedure. The interdental distances increased from preoperative to 2 months post?operative time. The prevalent complications were sinusitis (6%) and teeth displacement and inclination (6%). Conclusion: Surgically assisted maxillary expansion is an effective and low morbidity procedure to treat transverse maxillary deficiency in adults.

Angle class II correction with MARA appliance

Objective: To assess the effects produced by the MARA appliance in the treatment of Angle’s Class II, division 1 malocclusion. Methods: The sample consisted of 44 young patients divided into two groups: The MARA Group, with initial mean age of 11.99 years, treated with the MARA appliance for an average period of 1.11 years, and the Control Group, with initial mean age of 11.63 years, monitored for a mean period of 1.18 years with no treatment. Lateral cephalograms were used to compare the groups using cephalometric variables in the initial and final phases. For these comparisons, Student’s t test was employed. Results: MARA appliance produced the following effects: Maxillary growth restriction, no change in mandibular development, improvement in maxillomandibular relationship, increased lower anterior facial height and counterclockwise rotation of the functional occlusal plane. In the upper arch, the incisors moved lingually and retruded, while the molars moved distally and tipped distally. In the lower arch, the incisors proclined and protruded, whereas the molars mesialized and tipped mesially. Finally, there was a significant reduction in overbite and overjet, with an obvious improvement in molar relationship. Conclusions: It was concluded that the MARA appliance proved effective in correcting Angle’s Class II, division 1 malocclusion while inducing skeletal changes and particularly dental changes.

Intralesional corticosteroid injections in the treatment of central giant cell lesions of the jaws

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the response of treatment of central giant cell lesion to intralesional corticosteroid injections. Study Design: Review of articles indexed in PubMed on the topic between the years 1988 and 2011, and development of a descriptive meta-analysis of the results. Results: Sample of 41 patients primarily treated with intralesional corticosteroid injections was obtained, with a male female ratio of 1:0.95, being 23 aggressive and 18 non-aggressive central giant cell lesions. Triamcinolone acetonide and triamcinolone hexacetonide were the drugs used, and 78.0% cases were considered as good result, 14.6% were considered as moderate response and 7.3% were considered as negative result to treatment. Considering the aggressiveness, 88.9% of non-aggressive lesions presented a good response to treatment, in aggressive central giant cell lesions, 69.6% presented a good response to intralesional corticosteroid injections. Conclusion: In view of the results analyzed, intralesional corticosteroid injections could be considered as first treatment option for central giant cell lesion.

BAHA (Bone Anchored Hearing Aid) indicações, resultados funcionais e comparação com cirurgia reconstrutiva de orelha

INTRODUÇÃO: O BAHA (Bone Ancored Hearing Aid) é um dispositivo auditivo de condução óssea que propaga o som diretamente à orelha interna, utilizado principalmente em pacientes com perda auditiva condutiva associada a atresia aural, mas atualmente também em perdas mistas e neurossensoriais. OBJETIVO: Revisar as principais indicações do BAHA, analisar os resultados audiométricos e os benefícios proporcionados aos pacientes, e compará-los com outras modalidades de tratamento além de comparar os dados da literatura com nossa casuística de 13 pacientes. MÉTODO: A pesquisa foi realizada em bases de dados abrangendo trabalhos em inglês, espanhol e português, sem limites de intervalos de anos, comparando com os resultados dos nossos 13 pacientes submetidos a esse procedimento, no período de 2000 a 2009. RESULTADOS: A maioria dos trabalhos mostrou vantagens do BAHA em comparação à cirurgia reconstrutiva, tanto pelos resultados audiológicos quanto em relação a complicações e recidiva. Os resultados pós-operatórios nos 13 pacientes operados por nossa equipe foi satisfatório e compatível com os da literatura, com fechamento do gap aéreo-ósseo em 7 pacientes e gap aéreo-ósseo de até 10 dB em 6 pacientes. Não houve complicações pós-operatórias. CONCLUSÃO: O BAHA é uma ótima opção de tratamento para pacientes com surdez condutiva bilateral, fato demonstrado pelos bons resultados audiológicos e por se tratar de um procedimento cirúrgico relativamente simples e com baixa taxa de complicações. Os estudos mais recentes vêm abordando seu uso para surdez condutiva e neurossensorial unilateral.

Aspectos etiológicos, classificação, etapas e condutas terapêuticas para o tratamento interdisciplinar das fissuras labiopalatinas

As fissuras labiopalatinas são defeitos congênitos comuns entre as malformações que atingem a face e a prevalência varia entre 1 e 2 indivíduos brancos para cada 1000 nascimentos e no Brasil os dados estatísticos oscilam em torno de 1:650. Essas malformações são estabelecidas precocemente na vida IU (intra-uterina) e a formação da face ocorre da diferenciação dos processos maxilares, frontal, nasais mediais, nasais laterais e mandibulares e da 4ª semana de vida IU até o final da 8ª semana as estruturas se fusionam adquirindo feições humanas e no final da 12ª semana os processos palatinos tem a sua completa coalescência. A falta de fusão dos processos faciais levam a diferentes tipos de fissuras labiais, faciais e palatinas. A meta terapêutica é a reabilitação integral do paciente que envolve uma equipe multi e interdisciplinar, reconstruindo o defeito anatômico, devolvendo a estética, a função e sobretudo a integração psicossocial com a sociedade. As fissuras labiopalatinas englobam uma ampla variedade de malformações com extensões e amplitudes que determinam protocolos e prognósticos de tratamento distintos. Portanto é fundamental uma proposta simples e prática para o diagnóstico e classificação das fissuras, calcado na embriologia, identificando sua anatomia e priorizando as abordagens terapêuticas. A reabilitação envolve procedimentos cirúrgicos e extracirurgicos em épocas oportunas, envolvendo as especialidades quase todas médicas, odontológicas, fonoaudiológicas e psicossociais. Serão abordados as características morfológicas e funcionais dos diferentes tipos de fissuras, sua etiologia, as variáveis que interferem no crescimento maxilar e facial e as etapas e condutas terapêuticas que levam à reabilitação de excelência

Fixação zigomática em portadores de fissura de lábio e palato: relato de caso clínico

A técnica de Fixação Zigomática serve como um meio alternativo para pacientes que apresentam grande perda de estrutura maxilar decorrentes de atrofia maxilar severa, traumas, cirurgias ressectivas tumorais ou defeitos congênitos. Pacientes portadores de fissura de lábio e palato podem ser beneficiados com esta técnica, pois apresentam baixo desenvolvimento de seus maxilares devido às cirurgias primárias de queiloplastia e palatoplastia. O implante zigomático de titânio que possui em média 30 mm a 52,5 mm de comprimento, se insere no rebordo alveolar remanescente em direção ao corpo do zigoma. Por meio dessa técnica, é possível ancorar uma prótese fixa utilizando carga precoce. Objetivo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi de relatar um caso ocorrido no Hospital de Reabilitação de Anomalias Craniofaciais, Bauru, São Paulo, com resolução protética de um paciente portador de fissura labiopalatina através da ancoragem zigomática. Relato Clínico: Em 2008, paciente do Hospital de Reabilitação de Anomalias Craniofaciais, portadora de fissura labiopalatina, foi realizado um planejamento criterioso e a opção mais adequada foi a resolução protética através de uma ancoragem em zigoma. Foi utilizado implante zigomático do lado direito e implantes unitários na região dos dos elementos dentários 13 e 11, após exodontia do elemento 11. Assim, confeccionada uma prótese sobre implantes e placa miorrelaxante com controle de 45 dias. Conclusão: Esta alternativa possibilita ao paciente uma menor morbidade, sem a necessidade de cirurgias de reconstrução óssea, apresenta um tempo menor de tratamento e consequentemente integrando o paciente à sociedade.